Baglama

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Bağlama
Different sizes of bağlama: Cura (left, smallest) and Çöğür bağlaması/Tambura Bağlaması (right, middle sized)
String instrument
Classification
Related instruments
Sound sample
Saz Sound

The bağlama or saz is a long-necked fretted lute used in the folk music of Turkey and neighbouring regions of the Balkans, Middle East and Central Asia.[1] It belongs to the wider family of long-necked lutes known as Tanburs, a group of instruments historically distributed from Iran and Mesopotamia across Central Asia and Anatolia.[2]

Musicologists classify the saz as part of the tanbur family of long-necked lutes.[3]

Within this broader organological tradition, the modern saz developed in Anatolia as the principal folk lute of Turkish folk music and became closely associated with the repertoire of itinerant poet-musicians known as âşıks.[4]

Name

According to The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, "the terms 'bağlama' and 'saz' are used somewhat interchangeably in Turkey. 'Saz' is generally used interchangeably with 'enstrüman' (instrument) and it is used to refer single or group of musical instruments like 'üflemeli sazlar' (wind instruments).[5]

Bağlama scale

The musical scale of the bağlama differs from that of many western instruments – such as the guitar – in that it features ratios that are close to quarter tones. The traditional ratios for bağlama frets are listed by Yalçın Tura:[6]

However, as confirmed by Okan Öztürk,[7] instrument makers now often set frets on the bağlama with the aid of fret calculators[8] and tuners based on the 24-tone equal temperament. The frets include the 12 tones within 12-tone equal temperament, along with 5 more. This means that 12 tone songs can be played on the Bağlama.

Tunings

The Turkish bağlama has a variety of tunings (düzen), associated with different regional traditions. The list below presents some of the most common tunings and their commonly used names. String order is given as Bottom, Middle, Top.

Tunings are defined relative to a reference system in which the bottom string is presumed to be A and then the other notes are derived accordingly. The instrument then may be transposed to a different absolute pitch level.[9][10][11]

The most common bağlama tunings
When the specific octave of the notes in a tuning is not clear and is not attested anywhere, an example is omitted. The reason for this is explained in the notes section of the Abdal tuning.
Abdal Tuning
A, A, G (Tonic: A) — e.g., A3 · A3 · G3
Variant 2: A3 · A2 · G3
Note: Originally, the middle course should be in the same octave as the bottom course. Due to these tunings not being consistently notated with octave designations, this tuning is sometimes listed with the entire middle course assumed to be in a lower octave than the bottom course. The most popular performers who used this tuning had an octave string tuned an octave lower alongside another string in the same octave. However, in Azerbaijan, this tuning is performed with the middle course tuned to the same octave, and sometimes an additional octave string is added, resulting in the middle course having three strings. Playing in this tuning is also referred to as açıktan çalma, and the Azerbaijani name for this tuning reflects this, as it is called açıq kök.
Variant 3: A3 · (A3 – A2) · G3
Acemaşiran Tuning
A, A, F (Tonic: F) — Most likely A3 · A3 · F3
Bağlama Tuning
A, D, E (Tonic: E) — e.g., A3 · D3 · E3
Bozuk (Kara) Tuning
A, D, G (Tonic: A) — e.g., A3 · D3 · G3
Variant 2: (A3 – A3) · (D4 – D3) · (G3 – G3)
Variant 3: (A3 – A3 – A2) · (D3 – D3) · (G3 – G2)
Variant 4: (A3 – A3 – A2) · (D3 – D3) · (G3 – G3 – G2)
Variant 5: (A3 – A3 – A2) · (D4 – D3 – D3) · (G3 – G3 – G2)
Variant 6 (Variant created recently): (A3 – A3 – A2) · (D2 – D3) · (G3 – G2)
Variant 7 A3 · D3 · G3 · G4
Variant featuring an ahenk teli, an additional higher-pitched octave string with its tuning peg mounted on the side of the neck. In Turkey, this feature survives mainly on some üçtelli (three-string) smaller sized sazs and their various tunings, while the Bosnian šargija retains it on larger instruments.
Çargah Tuning
A, D, G (Tonic: B) — e.g., A3 · D3 · G3
Note: This tuning is also listed as A, D, C.
Eviç Tuning
A, B, G (Tonic: B) — e.g., A3 · B3 · G3
Variant 2: A3 · B2 · G3
Note: This tuning has the same situation as the Abdal tuning.
In Azerbaijan, there are two additional variants:
Variant 3: A3 · (B3 – E2) · G3
Variant 4: A3 · (B3 – B2) · G3
Note: The first variant is most likely the original one, as Variants 3 and 4 appear to be derived from it.
Hüseyni Tuning
A, A, E (Tonic: A) — Most likely A3 · A3 · E3
Hüzzam Tuning
A, A, F♯ (Tonic: F♯) — Most likely A3 · A3 · F♯3
Kayseri Tuning
A, E, A (Tonic: A) — e.g., A3 · E3 · A3
Variant 2: A3 · E2 · A3
Note: This tuning has the same situation as the Abdal tuning. It is also called Tar tuning; because of this, the second variant may be the more authentic one.
Kütahya Tuning
A, D, D (Tonic: D) — e.g., A3 · D3 · D3
Note: Also listed as A3 · A3 · D3. These variations appear to be a carryover from the instrument üçtelli, and the first variant is listed as Zeybek düzeni.
Misket Tuning
A, D, F♯ (Tonic: F♯) — e.g., A3 · D3 · F♯3
Müstezat Tuning (Fa Müstezat)
A, D, F (Tonic: F) — e.g., A3 · D3 · F3
Variant 2 (Do Müstezat): A3 · C4 · G3
Variant 3: A3 · C3 · G3
Note: This variant has the same situation as the Abdal tuning. In Azerbaijan, there are two additional variants:
Variant 4: A3 · (C4 – C3) · G3
Variant 5: A3 · (C4 – F3) · G3
Note: The first variant of Do Müstezat is most likely the original one, as Variants 4 and 5 are derived from it.
Rast Tuning
A, C, G (Tonic: C)
Note: This is the same tuning as Do Müstezat.
Sabahi Tuning
A, C, A (Tonic: A) — e.g., A3 · C4 · A3
Segah Tuning
A, D, B (Tonic: B)
Note: Also listed as A, B, G (the same as the Eviç tuning). It is also called Azeri tuning; the A, D, B variant appears to be an outlier.
Şur Tuning
A, E, B (Tonic: A)
Ümmi Tuning
A, A, D (Tonic: A) — e.g., A3 · A3 · D4
Note: Also listed as A3 · A2 · D3. This has the same situation as the Abdal tuning.
Yeksani (Irızva) Tuning
A, D, A (Tonic: A)
Note: Also listed as A, D, E (the same as the Bağlama tuning). There are two variants: A3 · D3 · A3 and A3 · D4 · A3. due to the name also being used for the Bağlama tuning, the first variant is likely to be the original one.
Zirgüle Tuning
A, F, G (Tonic: G) — e.g., A3 · F3 · G3
Note: In Azerbaijan, this tuning system is called Çoban bayatı kökü.

Notable performers

Asik Veysel was a bağlama virtuoso, and the prominent representative of the Anatolian ashik tradition in the 20th century.
Erdinç Ecevit Yıldız from the band Altın Gün performs with an electric bağlama.

See also

References

  1. The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians. Oxford University Press. The terms bağlama and saz are used somewhat interchangeably in Turkey.
  2. During, Jean. The Spirit of Sounds: The Unique Art of Ostad Elahi. Associated University Press. The tanbur is an ancient long-necked lute of Iranian origin whose descendants spread widely across the Middle East and Central Asia.
  3. History of lute-family instruments. The tanbur family includes bağlama (saz) and related long-necked lutes.
  4. Music in Turkey: Experiencing Music, Expressing Culture. Oxford University Press. The bağlama or saz is the central instrument of Turkish folk music and the traditional accompaniment of the âşık poets.
  5. Scheherezade Qassim Hassan; Morris, R. Conway; Baily, John; During, Jean (2001). "Tanbūr". In Sadie, Stanley; Tyrrell, John (eds.). The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians. Vol. xxv (2nd ed.). London: Macmillan. pp. 61–62.
  6. Yalçın Tura, "Türk Musikisinin Mes'eleleri". İstanbul, Pan Yayıncılık, 1988, ISBN 975-7652-02-4. See page 159.
  7. Zhudki, Aleh. "O. ÖZTÜRK: FROM SEVENTEEN TO TWENTY-FOUR: INSTRUMENTS OF BAĞLAMA FAMILY AND TRADITIONAL TONE SYSTEM". academia.edu. Retrieved 2 April 2018.
  8. "Bağlamada Perde Ayarları". www.turkuler.com. Retrieved 2 April 2018.
  9. "Bağlama tunings".
  10. "Bağlama tunings".
  11. "Azerbaijiani saz tunings".