Caro-Kann

Caro–Kann Defence

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Moves	1.e4 c6
ECO	B10–B19
Origin	Bruederschaft (journal), 1886
Named after	Horatio Caro and Marcus Kann
Parent	King's Pawn Game

The Caro–Kann Defence is a chess opening beginning with the moves:

1. e4 c6

Black prepares to contest the centre with 2...d5. The Caro–Kann is one of Black's common responses to White's move 1.e4. Considered a relatively positional opening, Black establishes a solid pawn structure, and it reflects strategic principles of chess (such as central control).^[1][2] Despite this positional reputation, there are still plenty of tactical variations.

The Caro–Kann is classified as a Semi-Open Game, like the more common Sicilian Defence (1...c5), although it is thought to be more solid and less dynamic than the Sicilian. Unlike the similarly motivated French Defence (1...e6), the Caro–Kann does not hinder the development of Black's queen's bishop. Playing c6 comes at the cost of a tempo, however, because Black has to push the c-pawn to c5 with two moves, whereas Black can push c7–c5 in one move in the French. This means Black can lag in development.

White can combat the Caro–Kann in several different ways, often gaining a space advantage. After the usual 2.d4 d5, White has a choice between 3.Nc3, leading to the Classical Variation and others; 3.e5, the Advance Variation; 3.exd5, the Exchange Variation; and 3.Nd2, which has little independent significance from 3.Nc3.^[a] Less common but still frequent is 3.f3, the Fantasy Variation.

The Caro–Kann has been played at the top level by players such as Alireza Firouzja, Vladislav Artemiev, and Ding Liren. It is also the favorite opening of popular Chess YouTuber GothamChess.

History

Mieses vs. Kann, Hamburg 1885

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Position after 17...Rc1

The opening is named after the English player Horatio Caro and the Austrian player Marcus Kann, both of whom analysed it in 1886. Kann scored an impressive 24-move victory with the Caro–Kann Defence against German-British chess champion Jacques Mieses at the 4th German Chess Congress in Hamburg in May 1885:

Old main line: 2.d4 d5 3.Nc3 (or 3.Nd2)

3.Nc3 and 3.Nd2 usually transpose into each other after 3...dxe4 4.Nxe4. The main alternative to 3...dxe4 is 3...g6, preparing to fianchetto. In the late 20th century, 3.Nd2 increased in popularity to avoid the Gurgenidze Variation (3.Nc3 g6) and retain the option of 4.c3, though Black can still opt for 3...g6 after 3.Nd2. Other third move possibilities for Black are rare.

After 3...dxe4 4.Nxe4, Black can choose between 4...Bf5, developing the bishop (before it is locked inside the pawn chain after ...e6) and threatening White's knight, or develop a knight with either 4...Nf6 or 4...Nd7.

Classical Variation: 3...dxe4 4.Nxe4 Bf5

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Classical Variation after 4...Bf5

The most common way of handling the Caro–Kann, the Classical Variation (often referred to as the Capablanca Variation^[4] after Cuban world champion José Raúl Capablanca), is defined by the moves 2.d4 d5 3.Nc3 (or 3.Nd2) dxe4 4.Nxe4 Bf5. This was long considered to represent best play for both sides in the Caro–Kann. White usually continues: 5.Ng3 Bg6 6.h4 h6 7.Nf3 Nd7 8.h5 Bh7 9.Bd3 Bxd3 10.Qxd3. Although White's pawn on h5 looks ready to attack, it can prove to be a weakness in an endgame.^[5]

Much of the Caro–Kann's reputation as a solid defence stems from this variation. Black makes very few compromises in pawn structure and plays a timely c6–c5 to contest the d4-square. Variations with Black castling queenside gave the Caro–Kann its reputation of being solid but somewhat boring. More popular recently are variations with Black castling kingside and even leaving his king in the centre. These variations can be sharp and dynamic. The Caro-Kann Defense is frequently used by top-level chess players in competitive games.^[6]

Here is a brilliancy illustrating White's attacking chances when the players castle on opposite sides in the Classical Variation:

Lev Milman vs. Joseph Fang, Foxwoods Open 2005
1. e4 c6 2. d4 d5 3. Nc3 dxe4 4. Nxe4 Bf5 5. Ng3 Bg6 6. h4 h6 7. Nf3 Nd7 8. h5 Bh7 9. Bd3 Bxd3 10. Qxd3 e6 (10...Qc7 avoids White's next) 11. Bf4 Bb4+ 12. c3 Be7 13. 0-0-0 Ngf6 14. Kb1 0-0 15. Ne5 c5?! (15...Qa5 is usual and better) 16. Qf3 Qb6? (necessary was 16...cxd4 17.Rxd4 Nxe5 18.Bxe5 Qc8 19.Rhd1 Rd8 20.Ne4 with a small White advantage) 17. Nxd7 Nxd7 18. d5 exd5 19. Nf5! Bf6 20. Rxd5 Qe6 21. Bxh6 Ne5 (21...gxh6 22.Rd6 Qe8 23.Rxf6 Nxf6 24.Qg3+ mates on g7) 22. Qe4 Nc6 23. Qf3 Ne5? (23...gxh6 24.Rd6 Qe5 25.Nxh6+ Kg7 26.Nf5+ Kh7 with an unclear position) 24. Qe4 Nc6 25. Qg4! Qxd5 (25...Ne5 26.Rxe5 Qxe5 27.Bxg7 Bxg7 28.h6 wins) 26. Bxg7 Qd3+ 27. Ka1 Ne5 28. Ne7+!! Kh7 29. Qg6+!! fxg6 30. hxg6+ Kxg7 31. Rh7# (White is down a queen, a rook, and a bishop!)^[7][8]

Smyslov Variation: 3...dxe4 4.Nxe4 Nd7

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Smyslov Variation: 4...Nd7

Another solid positional line, this variation is characterised by the moves 2.d4 d5 3.Nc3 (or 3.Nd2) dxe4 4.Nxe4 Nd7. It has been played by and named after the first, seventh, and twelfth world champions Wilhelm Steinitz, Vasily Smyslov and Anatoly Karpov. It has been called the Smyslov Variation^[9], the Steinitz Variation^[10] and the Modern Variation. The short-term goal of 4...Nd7 is to ease development by the early exchange of a pair of knights without compromising the structural integrity of Black's position.

Play is similar to the Classical Variation except that Black has more freedom by delaying the development of his bishop, and is not forced to play it to the g6-square. This freedom comes at a cost, however, as White enjoys added freedom in taking up space in the centre, and often plays the aggressive 5.Ng5!? where Black's development is brought into question as well as the positional weakness of the f7-square. The famous last game of the Deep Blue versus Garry Kasparov rematch where Kasparov committed a known blunder and lost was played in this line. Black must also beware of the quick mating trap for White, 5.Qe2 Ngf6?? 6.Nd6#, but after 5... Ndf6, Black enjoys a solid position.

Bronstein–Larsen Variation: 3...dxe4 4.Nxe4 Nf6 5.Nxf6+ gxf6

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Bronstein–Larsen Variation: 5...gxf6!?

Black has voluntarily opted for an inferior pawn structure and a practical necessity of castling queenside, while gaining dynamic compensation in the form of the open g-file for the rook and unusually active play for the Caro–Kann. It is generally considered somewhat unsound, though world championship challenger David Bronstein and former world championship candidate Bent Larsen employed it with some success.

Korchnoi Variation: 3...dxe4 4.Nxe4 Nf6 5.Nxf6+ exf6

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Korchnoi Variation: 5...exf6

A line sometimes known as the Tartakower Variation or Korchnoi Variation, Viktor Korchnoi played 5...exf6 many times (including his first world championship match with Anatoly Karpov). The line has also been employed by Ulf Andersson. Black's 5...exf6 is regarded as sounder than 5...gxf6!? of the Bronstein–Larsen Variation as recapturing with the e-pawn avoids having an isolated pawn inflicted and enables rapid development. Black has to be cautious about White's d-pawn becoming passed pawn in the endgame; the pawn originally on e7 can no longer affect the d-file from f6.

Gurgenidze Variation: 3.Nc3 g6

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Gurgenidze Variation: 3...g6

The Gurgenidze Variation, the only common alternative to 3...dxe4, begins with 2.d4 d5 3.Nc3 g6. Black prepares to fianchetto the bishop on g7, creating pressure against White's d4-pawn. After 4.Nf3 Bg7 White usually plays 5.h3 to prevent the ...Bg4 pin. This variation, originated by Bukhuti Gurgenidze, led to a rise in the popularity of 3.Nd2 during the 1970s. After 3.Nd2, 3...g6 is met by 4.c3, when the fianchettoed bishop has little to do because of a dark squared pawn chain. 3.Nd2 will usually transpose into the Classical Variation after 3...dxe4 4.Nxe4.

Other lines after 3.Nc3

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3.Nc3 a6

There are some rare alternatives which delay developing the queen's bishop and trading off the central d-pawn.

• 3...a6 has the main line 4.Nf3 Bg4, which can lead into a French structure after moves like 5.Be2 e6 6.0-0 Nf6 7.e5 Nfd7 followed by c5, Nc6 and Qb6. Other options for White are the transpositions into the Exchange or the Advance Variation (with Nc3 and ...a6).^[11]
• 3...b5 threatens to kick White's knight after ...b4.
• 3...Nf6 can be met with 4.e5, kicking Black's knight.

Advance Variation: 3.e5

Main line: 3...Bf5

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Advance Variation with 3...Bf5

The variation that follows 2.d4 d5 3.e5 Bf5 has gained popularity after having previously been widely regarded as inferior for many years, owing chiefly to the strategic demolition that Aron Nimzowitsch (playing as White) suffered at the hands of José Capablanca in one of their games at the New York 1927 tournament.^[12]

The Advance Variation has since been revitalized by aggressive lines such as the Bayonet Attack (4.g4) or the Van der Wiel Attack (4.Nc3 e6 5.g4), a popular line in the 1980s and later favoured by Latvian grandmaster (GM) Alexei Shirov, or the less ambitious variation 4.Nf3 e6 5.Be2 c5 6.Be3, popularised by English GM Nigel Short and often seen in the 1990s. Another less popular but aggressive line is 4.h4, the Tal Variation, popularised by GM Mikhail Tal.

Arkell–Khenkin Variation: 3...c5

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Advance Variation with 3...c5

3...c5, which has been called the Arkell–Khenkin Variation^[13] and the Botvinnik–Carls Defence, is an important alternative to 3...Bf5. Though it avoids the theory associated with 3...Bf5, it is a sharp line. It was used by Mikhail Botvinnik in his 1961 match versus Mikhail Tal (though with a negative outcome for Botvinnik – two draws and a loss). The line was christened the "Arkell/Khenkin Variation" in the leading chess magazine New in Chess yearbook 42 in recognition of the work these two grandmasters did and the success they were having with the variation. In comparison to the French Defence, Black lacks the tempo normally spent on 1...e6; however, White can only exploit this by weakening White's own central bind with 4.dxc5. Black has good chances of regaining the pawn.

Exchange Variation: 3.exd5 cxd5

Main line: 4.Bd3

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Exchange Variation with 4.Bd3

The main line of the Exchange Variation begins with 3.exd5 cxd5^[b] 4.Bd3. Bd3 prevents ...Bf5 while still developing. The most common continuation is 4...Nc6 5.c3 Nf6 6.Bf4 Bg4 7.Qb3. This line is considered to offer White a slightly better game and was tried by Bobby Fischer. The pawn structure resembles a Carlsbad structure with reversed colours, so some of the strategic ideas are analogous to the Queen's Gambit Declined, Exchange Variation (1.d4 d5 2.c4 e6 3.Nc3 Nf6 4.cxd5 exd5).

Panov–Botvinnik Attack: 4.c4

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Panov–Botvinnik Attack

The Panov–Botvinnik Attack begins with the move 4.c4. It is named after Vasily Panov and the world champion Mikhail Botvinnik. This system often leads to typical isolated queen's pawn (IQP) positions, with White obtaining rapid development, a grip on e5, and kingside attacking chances to compensate for the long-term structural weakness of the isolated d4-pawn. The major variation in this line is 4...Nf6 5.Nc3 e6 6.Nf3, when Black's main alternatives are 6...Bb4 (a position often transposing into lines of the Nimzo-Indian Defence) and 6...Be7, once the most common line. 6...Nc6?! is inferior as it is favourably met by 7.c5!, after which White plans on seizing the e5-square by advancing the b-pawn to b5, or by exchanging the black knight on c6 after Bb5.

Fantasy Variation: 3.f3

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Fantasy Variation

The Fantasy Variation, also known as the Maróczy or Tartakower Variation, occurs after 2.d4 d5 3.f3. It somewhat resembles the Blackmar–Diemer Gambit. 3...e6 is probably the most solid response, preparing to exploit the dark squares via ...c5, though 3....g6 has been tried by Yasser Seirawan. GM Lars Schandorff and GM Sam Shankland both prefer 3...dxe4 4.fxe4 e5 5.Nf3 Bg4 6.Bc4 Nd7 7.0-0 Ngf6 8.c3 Bd6 with play being sharp and double-edged, though recent theory suggest that 7.c3! is more critical, giving a small objective advantage for White. Interesting, though probably insufficient, is 3...e5. This so-called 'Twisted Fantasy Variation' aims to exploit White's weaknesses on the a7–g1 diagonal, an idea similar to 3...Qb6, a variation championed by Baadur Jobava. Related to the Fantasy Variation are the gambits 2.d4 d5 3.Nc3 dxe4 4.f3, originated by Stuart Milner-Barry, and 2.d4 d5 3.Nc3 dxe4 4.Bc4 Nf6 5.f3 (von Hennig).

Two Knights Variation: 2.Nc3 d5 3.Nf3 (or 2.Nf3 d5 3.Nc3)

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Two Knights Variation

The Two Knights Variation, 2.Nc3 d5 3.Nf3 (or 2.Nf3 d5 3.Nc3), was played by Bobby Fischer in his youth, but has since declined in popularity. White's intention is to benefit from rapid development as well as to retain options regarding the d-pawn. Black's logical and probably best reply is 3...Bg4. After 4.h3 Bxf3 5.Qxf3, the positional continuation, Black has the option of 5...Nf6 or 5...e6. The Retreat Line 4...Bh5 is playable but Black must be careful. In Noteboom–Mindeno 1927 Black lost quickly after 5.exd5 cxd5 6.g4 Bg6 7.Ne5 a6? (7...Nc6 is necessary) 8.h4 d4 9.h5! dxc3 10.hxg6 cxd2+ 11.Qxd2 Qxd2+ 12.Bxd2 and Black must lose material.^[14]

This variation sets a trap: playing along the lines of the Classical Variation gets Black in trouble after 3...dxe4 4.Nxe4 Bf5 (4...Nd7 is playable) 5.Ng3 Bg6?! (5...Bg4) 6.h4 h6 7.Ne5 Bh7 (7...Qd6 may be best) 8.Qh5! g6 (forced) 9.Bc4! e6 (9...gxh5?? 10.Bxf7#) 10.Qe2!? (10.Qf3!) with a huge advantage for White. Now 10...Qe7! is best. Instead, Lasker–Radsheer, 1908 and Alekhine–Bruce, 1938 ended quickly after, respectively, 10...Bg7?? 11.Nxf7! and 10...Nf6?? 11.Nxf7!^[15][16] Alternatively, white can continue with 9.Qf3 Nf6 10.Qb3 Qd5 11.Qxb2, which wins the exchange but requires careful attention to the queen in the corner to maintain white's advantage.

After the moves 2.Nc3 d5 3.Qf3!? (Goldman Variation), White's position is sound according to Graham Burgess.^[17]

Accelerated Panov Attack: 2.c4

2.c4, the Accelerated Panov Attack, is an effective move for White. Black will probably play 2...d5. This can transpose to the Panov–Botvinnik (B14, given above, with 3.exd5 cxd5 4.d4) or Caro–Kann (B10, with the double capture on d5). Alternatively, Black may play 2...e5, the Open Variation. The 2.c4 line can also arise by transposition from the English Opening: 1.c4 c6 2.e4.

Hillbilly Attack: 2.Bc4

2.Bc4, sometimes called the Hillbilly Attack,^[18][19] 2.Bc4?!, is most often played by weaker players unfamiliar with the Caro–Kann Defence. If 2...d5 3.exd5 cxd5, Black has simply gained a tempo on the bishop. Nevertheless, GM Simon Williams has experimented with this move, following it up by gambiting the pawn with 2...d5 3.Bb3!?^[20]

Other lines

Other lines are ineffective or doubtful. These include 2.d3, the Breyer Variation; 2.b3, the Euwe Attack; 2.b4, the Labahn Attack; 2.g4, the Spike Variation; and 2.Ne2, the Bohemian Attack.

After 2.Nf3 d5, in addition to 3.Nc3 and 3.d3, another possible line is 3.exd5 cxd5 4.Ne5!?, sometimes referred to as the Apocalypse Attack, which sets some traps for Black; e.g. 4...Bf5? immediately runs into trouble after 5.Bb5+, when Black must lose a tempo and the bishop pair with 5...Bd7 (5..Nd7?? 6.Qf3 is disastrous for Black). The game can continue 6.Qh5 g6 7.Nxd7! Nxd7 (7...gxh5?? 8.Nf6#) 8.Qxd5, where White wins a pawn and enjoys a strong initiative. After 4...Nc6, White may proceed with d4 and Bb5, responding to ...Qb6 with c4 and to ...Bd7 with Nxd7 to acquire the bishop pair, or play in a Stonewall fashion with d4, c3, Bd3, and f4 in some order. While 4...e6 is a perfectly acceptable Black response, 4...g6! is critical, allowing Black flexibility in fighting for e5.^[21]

ECO codes

The Encyclopaedia of Chess Openings has ten codes for the Caro–Kann Defence, B10 through B19:

• B10 (miscellaneous 2nd moves by White)
  • Hillbilly Attack: 1.e4 c6 2.Bc4
  • Modern; English Variation, Accelerated Panov: 1.e4 c6 2.c4
  • Breyer Variation: 1.e4 c6 2.d3
  • Scorpion-Horus Gambit: 1.e4 c6 2.Nc3 d5 3.d3 dxe4 4.Bg5
  • Spielmann/Goldman Variation: 1.e4 c6 2.Nc3 d5 3.Qf3
  • Two Knights Variation (without 3...Bg4): 1.e4 c6 2.Nf3 d5 3.Nc3
  • Apocalypse Attack: 1.e4 c6 2.Nf3 d5 3.exd5 cxd5 4.Ne5
  • Hector Gambit: 1.e4 c6 2.Nc3 d5 3.Nf3 dxe4 4.Ng5
• B11 (Two Knights Variation with 3...Bg4)
• B12 (miscellaneous lines with 2.d4)
  • Landau Gambit: 1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.Bd3 Nf6 4.e5 Nfd7 6.e6
  • Mieses Gambit: 1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.Be3
  • Diemer–Duhm Gambit: 1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.c4
  • Advance Variation: 1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.e5
  • Masi Variation: 1.e4 c6 2.d4 Nf6
  • Massachusetts Defense: 1.e4 c6 2.d4 f5
  • Prins Attack: 1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.e5 Bf5 4.b4
  • Bayonet Variation: 1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.e5 Bf5 4.g4
  • Tal Variation: 1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.e5 Bf5 4.h4
  • Van der Wiel Attack: 1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.e5 Bf5 4.Nc3
  • Dreyev Defense: 1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.e5 Bf5 4.Nc3 Qb6
  • Bronstein Variation: 1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.e5 Bf5 4.Ne2
  • Short Variation: 1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.e5 Bf5 4.Nf3 e6 5.Be2
  • Botvinnik–Carls Defense: 1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.e5 c5
  • Maroczy Variation: 1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.f3
  • Fantasy/Lilienfisch Variation: 1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.f3
  • Maróczy Gambit: 1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.f3 dxe4 4.fxe4 e5 5.Nf3 exd4 6.Bc4
  • Modern Variation: 1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.Nd2
  • New Caro–Kann 1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.Nd2 g6
  • Edinburgh Variation: 1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.Nd2 Qb6
  • Ulysses Gambit: 1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.Nf3 dxe4 4.Ng5
  • De Bruycker Defense: 1.e4 c6 2.d4 Na6
• B13 (Exchange Variation)
  • Rubinstein Variation: 1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.exd5 cxd5 4.Bd3 Nc6 5.c3 Nf6 6.Bf4
  • Panov–Botvinnik: 1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.exd5 cxd5 4.c4 Nf6 5. Nc3 e6
• B14 (Panov–Botvinnik Attack without 5...e6)
  • Carlsbad Line: 1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.exd5 cxd5 4.c4 Nf6 5.Nc3 Nc6 6.Bg5 e6
  • Czerniak Line: 1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.exd5 cxd5 4.c4 Nf6 5.Nc3 Nc6 6.Bg5 Qa5
  • Reifir–Spielmann Line: 1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.exd5 cxd5 4.c4 Nf6 5.Nc3 Nc6 6.Bg5 Qb6
• B15 (3.Nc3, miscellaneous lines)
  • Gurgenidze Variation: 1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.Nc3 b5
  • Von Hennig Gambit: 1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.Nc3 dxe4 4.Bc4
  • Rasa-Studier Gambit: 1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.Nc3 dxe4 4.f3
  • Knight Variation: 1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.Nc3 dxe4 4.Nxe4 Nf6
  • Tarrasch/Alekhine Gambit: 1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.Nc3 dxe4 4.Nxe4 Nf6 5.Bd3
  • Tartakower Variation: 1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.Nc3 dxe4 4.Nxe4 Nf6 5.Nxf6+ exf6
  • Forgacs Variation: 1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.Nc3 dxe4 4.Nxe4 Nf6 5.Nxf6+ exf6 6.Bc4
  • Alien Gambit: 1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.Nc3 dxe4 4.Nxe4 Nf6 5.Ng5 h6 7.Nxf7
  • Gurgenidze System: 1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.Nc3 g6
  • Gurgenidze Variation: 1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.Nc3 g6 4.e5 Bg7 5.f4 h5
  • Campomanes Attack: 1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.Nc3 Nf6
• B16 (Bronstein–Larsen Variation)
  • Finnish Variation: 1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.Nc3 dxe4 4.Nxe4 h6
  • Bronstein–Larsen Variation: 1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.Nc3 dxe4 4.Nxe4 Nf6 5.Nxf6+ gxf6
  • Korchnoi Variation: 1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.Nc3 dxe4 4.Nxe4 Nf6 5.Nxf6+ exf6
• B17 (Steinitz Variation)
  • Karpov/Steinitz Variation: 1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.Nc3 dxe4 4.Nxe4 Nd7
  • Smyslov Variation: 1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.Nc3 dxe4 4.Nxe4 Nd7 5.Bc4 Ngf6 6.Ng5 e6 7.Qe2 Nb6
  • Tiviakov–Fischer Attack: 1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.Nc3 dxe4 4.Nxe4 Nd7 5.Bc4 Ngf6 6.Nxf6+ Nxf6
  • Kasparov Attack: 1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.Nc3 dxe4 4.Nxe4 Nd7 5.Nf3 Ngf6 6.Ng3
  • Ivanchuk Defense: 1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.Nc3 dxe4 4.Nxe4 Nd7 5.Ng5 Ndf6
• B18 (Classical Variation)
  • Classical Variation: 1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.Nc3 dxe4 4.Nxe4 Bf5
  • Flohr Variation: 1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.Nc3 dxe4 4.Nxe4 Bf5 5.Ng3 Bg6 6.Nh3
• B19 (Classical Variation with 7...Nd7)
  • Spassky Variation: 1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.Nc3 dxe4 4.Nxe4 Bf5 5.Ng3 Bg6 6.h4 h6 7.Nf3 Nd7 8.h5 Bh7 9.Bd3 Bxd3 10.Qxd3

See also

• List of chess openings
• List of chess openings named after people

Notelist

References

Citations

• Fernandez, Daniel (2018). The Modernized Caro-Kann: A Complete Repertoire Against 1.e4. Thinkers Publishing. ISBN 9789492510259.
• Martin, Andrew (2018). First Steps: The Caro-Kann Defence. Everyman Chess. ISBN 978-1-78194-416-5.
• Schiller, Eric (2003). Complete Defense to King Pawn Openings (2nd ed.). Cardoza. ISBN 978-1-58042-109-6.

Further reading

• Gallagher, Joe (2002). Starting Out: the Caro–Kann. Everyman Chess. ISBN 1-85744-303-9.
• Houska, Jovanka (2007). Play the Caro–Kann: A Complete Chess Opening Repertoire Against 1 e4. London: Everyman Chess. ISBN 978-1-85744-434-6.
• Karpov, Anatoly (2006). Caro–Kann Defence: Advance Variation and Gambit System. London: Anova Books. ISBN 0-7134-9010-1.
• Kasparov, Garry; Shakarov, Aleksander (1984). Caro–Kann: Classical 4.Bf5. Batsford. ISBN 0-7134-4237-9.
• Keene, Raymond; Mednis, Edmar; Soltis, Andy (2004). Understanding The Caro–Kann Defense. Hardinge Simpole Limited. ISBN 978-1-84382-134-2.
• Martin, Andrew (2007). The ABC of the Caro Kann. ChessBase Publications, Fritz Trainer DVD.
• Silman, Jeremy (1990). Dynamic Karo Kann. Summit Pub. ISBN 978-0-945806-02-8.
• Wells, Peter (2007). Grandmaster Secrets – The Caro–Kann. London: Gambit Publications. ISBN 978-1-904600-61-9.
• "The Caro-Kann Defence" by Edward Winter

External links

• Caro-Kann Defense on Chess.com
• Caro-Kann Defense on lichess.org