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This is a list of currently active separatist movements in Europe. Separatism often refers to full political secession.[1][2][3]
Belgium
- People: Flemings
- Proposed state: Independent Republic of
Flanders or a Confederal Belgium (gradual independence)[4] - Political parties: New Flemish Alliance, Vlaams Belang
- Proposed state: Independent Republic of
Denmark
- People: Faroese
- Proposed state:
Faroe Islands[5][6] or autonomy[7]
- Political parties: Republican Party, Progress, People's Party, Centre Party, Self-Government Party
- Proposed state:
France
- Secessionist movements
- People: Basque
- Proposed state: unification with the
Basque Country and 
Navarre – Euskal Herria[8][9][10] as an independent state or autonomy.[11]
- Political parties: Euskal Herria Bai, Abertzaleen Batasuna (AB), Eusko Alkartasuna (EFA member), Euzko Alderdi Jeltzalea (Basque Nationalist Party).
- Trade unions: Euskal Langileen Alkartasuna, Langile Abertzaleen Batzordeak
- Youth advocacy groups: Gazte Abertzaleak, Segi
- Proposed state: unification with the
Brittany (including Loire-Atlantique)
- People: Bretons
- Proposed state or autonomous region: Brittany[12]
- Advocacy groups: Celtic League[13]
- Political parties: Unvaniezh Demokratel Breizh, Adsav, Strollad Breizh, Emgann, Brittany Movement and Progress, Young Bretons Movement
- Proposed state or autonomous region:
- People: Corsicans
- Proposed state or autonomous region:
Corsica[14][12]
- Political party: Corsica Libera, Pè a Corsica, Partitu di a Nazione Corsa (EFA member)
- Militant group: National Liberation Front of Corsica
- Proposed state or autonomous region:
Georgia
Territory of the former 
Abkhaz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic
- Ethnic group: Abkhazians
- De facto state:
Abkhazia[15] (recognized by 5 UN members)
- Political organization: Government of Abkhazia
- Militant organization: Abkhazian Armed Forces
- De facto state:
Territory of the former South Ossetian Autonomous Oblast
- People: Ossetians
- De facto state:
South Ossetia[16] (recognized by 5 UN members) - Proposition: Recognition of South Ossetia as an independent state or unification with Russia[17][18][19][20] or unification with
North Ossetia to form a united independent Ossetia
- Political organisation: Government of South Ossetia
- Militant organisation: Armed Forces of South Ossetia
- De facto state:
- Ethnic group: Armenians in Samtskhe–Javakheti
- Proposed: Autonomy for the region
Javakhk (Javakheti) or unification with 
Armenia - Political party: United Javakhk Democratic Alliance[21][22][23]
- Proposed: Autonomy for the region
Germany
- People: Upper Saxons
- Proposed state or autonomous area:
Saxony
- Political party: Free Saxony[24][25][26]
- Political party:
Italy
- People: Friulians
- Proposed state:
Friuli
- Political parties:
- Secessionist parties: Res Publica Furlane-Parlament Furlan,[27] Patrie Furlane, Friulian Front,[28]
- Autonomist parties: Pact for Autonomy[28]
- Political parties:
- Proposed state:
- Proposed state:
Republic of Lombardy or autonomy.
- Political parties (autonomist): Lega per l'Autonomia – Alleanza Lombarda[29]
- Political parties (secessionist): Pro Lombardy Independence, Lega Lombarda[30][31]
- Proposed state:
Padania[32]
- Political parties (autonomist): Lega Nord, Great North[33][34]
- Political parties (secessionist): Lega Nord (formerly),[33] Lega Padana, Padanian Union, Alpine Padanian Union
- People: Sicilians
- Proposed state:
Sicily[35][32]
- Political parties (autonomist): Sicilian Socialist Party, Great Sicily,[36] Party of the Sicilians, Movement for Autonomy
- Political parties (secessionist): Free Sicilians[37][38]
- Advocacy groups: Sicilian National Front,[39] Sicilia Nazione,[40] Sicilian National Liberation Movement.[41]
- Proposed state:
- Proposed: Greater autonomy or independence for
South Tyrol or unification with 
Tyrol in 
Austria[42][43]
- Political parties: Die Freiheitlichen (independence), South Tyrolean Freedom (unification)
- Proposed state:
Republic of Venice or autonomy[44][45][46]
- Political parties (autonomist): Liga Veneta, Resist Veneto,[47] Veneto for Autonomy[48]
- Political parties (secessionist): Party of Venetians, Venetian Independence, We Are Veneto, Liga Veneta Repubblica, Venetian People's Unity, Venetian Left
- youth organization: Independentist Youth
- National Liberation Movement (Self-determination): Venetian National Liberation Movement
- Ethnic group: Sardinian people
- Proposition: Greater autonomy or independence for
Sardinia.[49][50] - Political parties: Sardinian Action Party (regionalist)
- Proposition: Greater autonomy or independence for
Moldova
- Breakaway state
- People: Russians, Ukrainians, and Moldovans
- De facto state:
Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic
- Goal: International recognition as a sovereign state or unification with
Russia - Political organisation: Government of Transnistria
- Military forces: Army of Transnistria
- Goal: International recognition as a sovereign state or unification with
- De facto state:
- People: Gagauz people
- Proposed State:
Gagauz Republic - Political organisation: Peoples of Union of Gagauzia[51][52]
- Proposed State:
Netherlands
- People: Frisians, West Frisians
- Proposed: Greater autonomy or independence for
West Frisia
- Political party: Frisian National Party, (EFA member) (Greater autonomy),[53][54] Groep fan Auwerk
- Proposed: Greater autonomy or independence for
Russia
Secessionist movements:
Adygea and Karachay-Cherkessia[55]
- People: Circassians
- Proposed autonomous area or state: Circassia
- Advocacy groups: International Circassian Association (Adygea), (former member of the UNPO), Congress of the Peoples of the North Caucasus, Free Nations League
- Proposed autonomous area or state:
- People: Bashkirs
- Proposed state:
Bashkortostan[56] - Militant organisation: Committee of Bashkir Resistance,[57] Bashkir Company[58]
- Advocacy groups: Bashkort movement, Bashkir National-Political Center,[59] Free Nations League
- Proposed state:
- People: Chechens
- Proposed state:
Chechen Republic of Ichkeria (government in exile) - Government in exile: Ichkerian government in exile (Proposed to be recognized by UN member: Ukraine)
- Militant organisation: Chechen separatists, Ajnad al-Kavkaz, Chechen volunteers in Ukraine, Dzhokhar Dudayev Battalion, Ichkerian Special Purpose Battalion, Khamzat Gelayev Detachment
- Advocacy group: Adat People's Movement, Congress of the Peoples of the North Caucasus
- Proposed state:
- People: Dagestanis
- Proposed state:
Dagestan
- Militant organization: Imam Shamil Dagestan Battalion
- Advocacy group: Dagestani National Center,[60] Congress of the Peoples of the North Caucasus
- Proposed state:
- People: Ingush
- Proposed state:
Ingushetia
- Militant organisation: Ingush Liberation Army
- Advocacy group: Ingush Independence Committee, Congress of the Peoples of the North Caucasus
- Proposed state:
- People: Kalmyks
- Proposed state:
Kalmykia with possible unification with 
Astrakhan Oblast[61]
- Advocacy group: Oirat-Kalmyk People's Congress
- Proposed state:
- People: Karelians, Vepsians, Russians, Finns, Pomors
- Proposed state:
Karelia
- Militant organisation: Karelian Group
- Advocacy groups: Karelian National Movement
- Proposed state:
- People: Cossacks,[64] Russians
- Proposed state or autonomous area:
Kuban
- Advocacy movements: Community of the Don-Kuban-Terek Citizens, Klin-Yar, Kuban Cossack Host, Kuban Cossacks of the Kuban Host Autonomy Movement, Kuban Cossack Youth, New Kuban Cossack Association, Southern Regional Resource Center, Union of Cossack Republics of Southern Russia
- Militant organization: Kuban Cossack Army
- Political parties: Free Cossack Movement, Lapin, Movement for the Federalizations of Kuban, Union of the Cossack Hosts of Russia, Union of the Cossack Hosts of Russia and Abroad, Committee for the Liberation of the Kuban
- Political organizations: Cossack Congress, Cossacks of the Kuban Rada
- Advocacy movements: Community of the Don-Kuban-Terek Citizens, Klin-Yar, Kuban Cossack Host, Kuban Cossacks of the Kuban Host Autonomy Movement, Kuban Cossack Youth, New Kuban Cossack Association, Southern Regional Resource Center, Union of Cossack Republics of Southern Russia
- Proposed state or autonomous area:
Kingiseppsky, 
Lomonosovsky, 
Volosovsky & 
Sosnovy Bor districts of
Leningrad Oblast[65]
- People: Russians, Izhorians, Ingrians, Votes
- Proposed state:
Ingria[66]
- Advocacy groups: Free Ingria, Ingria Without Borders[67]
- Proposed state:
- People: Mari
- Proposed federal subject or state:
Mari El
- Advocacy groups: Free Idel-Ural
- Proposed federal subject or state:
- People: Erzyas
- Proposed state:
Erzyan Mastor[70]
- Advocacy group: Free Idel-Ural, Erzyan Mastor
- Proposed state:
- People: Mokshas
- Proposed state:
Mokshan state
- Advocacy group: Free Idel-Ural, Moksha Committee,[71] Free Nations League
- Proposed state:
North Caucasian Federal District
- People: Peoples of the Caucasus
- Proposed state:
Confederation of the Northern Caucasus, United Caucasia
- Advocacy groups: Chechen government in exile[72]
- Proposed state:
- People: Tatars
- Proposed state:
Tatarstan - Government in exile: Tatarstan government in exile[73]
- Militant organisation: All-Tatar Public Center
- Advocacy groups: Ittifaq Party, Free Idel-ural, All-Tatar Public Center, Free Nations League
- Militant organisation: All-Tatar Public Center
- Proposed state:
- People: Cossacks, Russians
- Proposed state or autonomous area:
Cossackia, 
Don Cossack Host
- Advocacy groups: Members of the Free Nations League[74]
- Proposed state or autonomous area:
Udmurtia[69]
- People: Udmurts
- Proposed state: Udmurtia
- Advocacy groups: Free Idel-Ural
- Proposed state:
- People: Bashkirs, Chuvash, Erzya, Mari, Mokshas, Russians, Tatars, Udmurts
- Proposed state:
Idel-Ural Republic
- Advocacy group: Free Idel-Ural[75]
- Proposed state:
- Ethnic group: Nogai, Astrakhan Tatars
- Proposed state:
Nogai El or unification with Kalmykia - Advocacy group: Free Nogai El
- Proposed state:
- Ethnic group: Komi people
- Proposed: independence for
Komi
- Proposed: independence for
- Ethnic group: Chuvash people
- Proposed: independence for
Chuvashia - Advocacy group: Irĕklĕ Chăvash En
- Proposed: independence for
Komi-Permyak Autonomous Okrug[80]
- Ethnic group: Komi-Permyaks
- Proposed state or autonomous region: Komi-Permyak
- Proposed state or autonomous region:
Spain
Basque Country (autonomous community) and Navarre
- People: Basques
- Proposed state: Basque Country (greater region) – Euskal Herria[8]
- Political parties: Euzko Alderdi Jeltzalea (Basque Nationalist Party) (member of the European Democratic Party), Eusko Alkartasuna (EFA member), Bildu, Eusko Abertzale Ekintza (Basque Nationalist Action), Alternatiba
- Trade union: Euskal Langileen Alkartasuna, Langile Abertzaleen Batzordeak
- Youth advocacy groups: EGI, Gazte Abertzaleak, Ikasle Abertzaleak
- Proposed state:
- People: Catalans
- Proposal state:
Catalan Republic – 
Catalan Countries (i.e. including other Catalan-speaking areas)
- Political parties (pro-independence): Republican Left of Catalonia (33/135), Together for Catalonia, (32/135) supported by Left Movement, Popular Unity Candidacy (9/135) supported by Endavant and Poble Lliure
- Political parties (autonomist): Catalunya en Comú (8/135)
- Civil organisations: Assemblea Nacional Catalana, Òmnium Cultural, Association of Municipalities for Independence, Procés Constituent, Sobirania i Progrés, Committees for the Defense of the Republic, Negres Tempestes
- Trade unions: Intersindical-CSC, Coordinadora Obrera Sindical, Intersindical Alternativa de Catalunya
- Youth advocacy groups: Arran, La Forja, Jovent Republicà, Joves d'Esquerra Verda, Joventut Nacionalista de Catalunya, Joventut Comunista de Catalunya
- Proposal state:
- People: Galicians
- Proposed state:
Galicia (or right to self-determination within a confederal framework)
- Political parties: Galician Nationalist Bloc (BNG) (sovereigntist, EFA member), Anova-Nationalist Brotherhood (independentist)
- Unions: Confederación Intersindical Galega (CIG)
- Youth advocacy groups: Galiza Nova
- Student movement: Erguer-Estudantes da Galiza
- Proposed state:
United Kingdom
- Major movements
- People: Irish, Northern Irish (Nationalists)
- Proposed state: Re-unification with
Ireland or independence[84][85]
- Political parties: Sinn Féin,[86] Fianna Fáil, Éirígí, Social Democratic and Labour Party, Aontú,[87][88] People Before Profit, Communist Party of Ireland, Irish Republican Socialist Party, Republican Network for Unity, Socialist Workers Network, Workers' Party of Ireland
- Militant organisations: RIRA, CIRA[89]
- Proposed state: Re-unification with
- People: Scots
- Proposed state or autonomous region:
Scotland
- Political parties: Scottish National Party (EFA member),[90] Scottish Greens, Scottish Socialist Party, Alliance to Liberate Scotland Independence for Scotland Party, Scottish Libertarian Party, Sovereignty
- Advocacy groups: Scottish Independence Convention (Common Weal, People's Voice, Scottish CND, Voice for Scotland, Women for Independence), Labour for Independence, Siol nan Gaidheal
- Proposed state or autonomous region:
- People: Welsh
- Proposed state or autonomous region: Wales
- Political parties: Plaid Cymru (EFA member),[91] Wales Green Party,[92] Gwlad,[93] Propel
- Advocacy groups: YesCymru[94]
- Proposed state or autonomous region: Wales
- Minor movements
- People: Cornish
- Proposed status: Devolved legislative assembly within the United Kingdom (National Assembly of Cornwall / Senedh Kernow)
- Political parties: Mebyon Kernow (Party for Cornwall), Cornish Nationalist Party
- Advocacy groups: Cornish Constitutional Convention, Gorsedh Kernow
- Proposed status: Devolved legislative assembly within the United Kingdom (National Assembly of Cornwall / Senedh Kernow)
- Separatist movements of dependent territories
- Ethnic group: Manx people
- Proposed state:
Isle of Man (Sovereign Republic)
- Political party: Mec Vannin
- Proposed state:
See also
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- From Spain to Iraq, states have to see that suppressing secession won't work
- Disintegration of Britain and Spain both possible