Gayatri Spivak

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Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak
Spivak in 2012
Born
Gayatri Chakravorty

(1942-02-24) 24 February 1942
Calcutta, Bengal Province,
British India
(now Kolkata, West Bengal, India)
Spouses
    Talbot Spivak
    ​
    (m. 1964⁠–⁠1977)​
    Education
    EducationUniversity of Calcutta (MA)
    Cornell University (PhD)
    ThesisThe Great Wheel: Stages in the Personality of Yeats's Lyric Speaker[1] (1967)
    Paul de Man[2]
    Philosophical work
    EraContemporary philosophy
    RegionWestern philosophy
    Continental philosophy, postcolonialism, deconstruction
    Main interests
    		Literary criticism, feminism, Marxism, postcolonialism
    Notable ideas
    		Strategic essentialism, the Subaltern, the Other

    Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak (/ˈspɪvæk/;[3] born 24 February 1942) is an Indian literary theorist and feminist critic.[4] She is a professor at Columbia University and a founding member of Columbia's Institute for Comparative Literature and Society.[5]

    Considered as one of the most influential postcolonial intellectuals, Spivak is best known for her essay "Can the Subaltern Speak?"[6] and her translation of and introduction to Jacques Derrida's De la grammatologie.[7] She has also translated many works of Mahasweta Devi into English with critical notes on Devi's life and writing style, notably Imaginary Maps and Breast Stories.[8]

    Spivak was awarded the 2012 Kyoto Prize in Arts and Philosophy for "speaking for the humanities against intellectual colonialism in relation to the globalized world."[9][10][11] In 2013, she received the Padma Bhushan, the third-highest civilian award in India.[12] In 2025, Spivak received the Holberg Prize for "her groundbreaking work in the fields of literary theory and philosophy."[13]

    Although often associated with postcolonialism, Spivak has stated her separation from the discipline in her book A Critique of Postcolonial Reason (1999), a position she maintained in a 2021 essay titled "How the Heritage of Postcolonial Studies Thinks Colonialism Today", published in Janus Unbound: Journal of Critical Studies.[14]

    Life

    Early life

    Spivak was born on 24 February 1942 as Gayatri Chakravorty in Calcutta, India, into a Bengali Brahmin family.[15][16] Her father was Pares Chandra Chakravorty, a doctor, and mother was Sivani Chakravorty, a charitable worker.[17] Her great-great-grandfather was Biharilal Bhaduri, a physician advocating homeopathy and a close friend of the Bengali reformer Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar.[18][19][20][21] After completing her secondary education at St. John's Diocesan Girls' Higher Secondary School, Spivak attended Presidency College, Kolkata, from which she graduated in 1959.[17]

    Spivak has been married twice—first to Talbot Spivak (1937–2006), a fellow Cornell University student, from 1964 to 1977, and then until 1992 to historian Basudev Chatterji.[16] Talbot Spivak published an autobiographical novel centred on their early marriage, The Bride Wore the Traditional Gold, in 1972.[22][23][24]

    1960s and 1970s

    In 1959, upon graduation from Presidency College, she secured full-time employment as an English tutor. In 1961, Spivak joined the graduate program in English at Cornell University in the United States, travelling on money borrowed on a so-called "life mortgage". Unable to secure financial aid from the department of English, she transferred to the new comparative literature program, although she had insufficient preparation in French and German. She completed her Master of Arts in 1962, studying under M. H. Abrams.[25][26] In 1963–1964, she attended Girton College, Cambridge, as a research student under the supervision of T.R. Henn, writing on the representation of the stages of development of the lyric subject in the poetry of W. B. Yeats. She presented a course in the summer of 1963 on "Yeats and the Theme of Death" at the Yeats Summer School in Sligo, Ireland.

    Spivak was appointed assistant professor at the University of Iowa in 1965. She co-founded the MFA in Translation in 1974 and became a full professor and director of the Comparative Literature Program a year later.[27][28] While teaching at Iowa, she worked towards her PhD at Cornell.[25] Her dissertation was under the guidance of the program's first director, Paul de Man, titled The Great Wheel: Stages in the Personality of Yeats's Lyric Speaker (1967); she later reworked it to be accessible for undergraduate students and published it as her first book, Myself Must I Remake: The Life and Poetry of W.B. Yeats (1974).[17][29] While at Cornell, she served as the second female member of the Telluride Association.[24] She taught at the University of Iowa until 1977.[26]

    In 1967, Spivak purchased De la grammatologie by Jacques Derrida, though she was unfamiliar with the author. She decided to translate the book, and wrote a translator's preface. This publication was a success, and the preface has since been used around the world as an introduction to the philosophy of deconstruction launched by Derrida, whom Spivak met in 1971.[30]

    In 1977–78, she was a National Humanities Fellow at the University of Chicago. Also in 1978, she joined the University of Texas at Austin as professor of English and comparative literature, teaching there until 1982.[26]

    1980s to present

    In 1982, she was appointed as the Longstreet Professor in English and Comparative Literature at Emory University. In 1986, at the University of Pittsburgh, she became the first Mellon Professor of English. At Pittsburgh, she was the first director of the Graduate Program for Cultural Studies.[31] In 1991, she joined the faculty at Columbia University as Avalon Foundation Professor in the Humanities;[32] in 2007, she was made University Professor in the Humanities at Columbia.[33]

    Since 1986, Spivak has been engaged in teaching adults and children among the landless illiterate Dalit people living in western West Bengal.[34] In 1997, her friend Lore Metzger, a survivor of Nazi Germany, left Spivak $10,000 in her will to help with the work of rural education.[35] With this, Spivak established the Pares Chandra and Sivani Chakravorty Memorial Foundation for Rural Education,[36] to which she contributed the majority of her Kyoto Prize.[22]

    In May 2018, Spivak signed a collective letter to New York University defending Avital Ronell against the charge of sexual abuse from NYU graduate student Nimrod Reitman. Spivak and the other signatories called the case a "legal nightmare" for Ronell and charged Reitman with conducting a "malicious campaign" against her. The letter also suggested that Ronell should be excused on the basis of the significance of her academic contributions. Many signatories were also concerned of the utilisation of feminist tools, like Title IX, to take down feminists.[37] Judith Butler, the chief signatory, subsequently apologised for certain aspects of the letter.[38][39] NYU ultimately found Ronell guilty of sexual harassment and suspended her for a year.[40]

    In May 2024, Spivak repeatedly corrected the pronunciation of W. E. B. Du Bois' name by a Dalit graduate student, Anshul Kumar, who asked her a question as part of a discussion at an event in Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi. Kumar shared in a blog post about feeling humiliated and insulted during the incident.[41] Spivak remarked in an interview that Anshul Kumar "had not identified himself as a Dalit."[42] Dalit scholar Anilkumar Payyappilly Vijayan called the student's reaction "a strategy of counter-violence" against "the structural violence built into the very edifice of postcoloniality on which many dominant class intellectuals [like Spivak] have been comfortably placed."[43]

    Work

    Gayatri Spivak
    Spivak speaking on "The Strength of Critique: Trajectories of Marxism–Feminism" at the Internationaler Kongress

    Spivak rose to prominence with her translation of Derrida's De la grammatologie, which included a translator's introduction that has been described as "setting a new standard for self-reflexivity in prefaces."[44] After this, as a member of the Subaltern Studies collective, she carried out a series of historical studies and literary critiques of imperialism and international feminism. She has been referred to as a "practical Marxist-feminist-deconstructionist."[45] Her predominant ethico-political concern has been for the space occupied by the subaltern, especially subaltern women, both in discursive practices and in Western cultural institutions. Edward Said wrote of Spivak's work: "She pioneered the study in literary theory of non-Western women and produced one of the earliest and most coherent accounts of that role available to us."[16]

    Spivak has been criticised for her cryptic prose.[46][47] Writing for the New Statesman, Stephen Howe complains that "Spivak is so bewilderingly eclectic, so prone to juxtapose diverse notions without synthesis, that ascribing a coherent position to her on any question is extremely difficult."[16] Terry Eagleton writes:[48]

    If colonial societies endure what Spivak calls 'a series of interruptions, a repeated tearing of time that cannot be sutured', much the same is true of her own overstuffed, excessively elliptical prose. She herself, unsurprisingly, reads the book's broken-backed structure in just this way, as an iconoclastic departure from 'accepted scholarly or critical practice'. But the ellipses, the heavy-handed jargon, the cavalier assumption that you know what she means, or that if you don't she doesn't much care, are as much the overcodings of an academic coterie as a smack in the face for conventional scholarship.

    Judith Butler, in a response critical of Eagleton's position, cites Theodor W. Adorno's comment on the lesser value of the work of theorists who "recirculate received opinion," and opines that Spivak "gives us the political landscape of culture in its obscurity and proximity" and that Spivak's language has resonated with "tens of thousands of activists and scholars."[49]

    "Can the Subaltern Speak?" and postcolonial theory

    Her essay, "Can the Subaltern Speak?" (1988), established Spivak among the ranks of feminists who consider history, geography, and class when thinking about women. In "Can the Subaltern Speak?", Spivak discusses the lack of accounts of the Hindu practice of sati (the burning of widows), leading her to reflect on whether the subaltern can even speak.[50] Spivak writes about the focus on the Eurocentric subject and how by invoking the subject of Europe, intellectuals constitute the subaltern "other" of Europe as anonymous and mute. In all her work, Spivak's main effort has been to try to find ways of accessing the subjectivity of those who are being investigated. She feminises and globalises the philosophy of deconstruction, considering the position of the subaltern.

    In the early 1980s, she was also hailed as a co-founder of postcolonial theory, which she refused to accept fully. Her A Critique of Postcolonial Reason, published in 1999, explores how major works of European metaphysics (e.g., Kant, Hegel) not only tend to exclude the subaltern from their discussions, but actively prevent non-Europeans from occupying positions as fully human subjects.[51] In this work, Spivak launched the concept of "sanctioned ignorance" for the "reproducing and foreclosing of colonialist structures." This concept denotes a purposeful silencing through the "dismissing of a particular context as being irrelevant."[52]

    Spivak coined the term strategic essentialism, which refers to a temporary solidarity for the purpose of social action. For example, women's groups have many different agendas that potentially make it difficult for feminists to work together for common causes. Strategic essentialism allows for disparate groups to accept temporarily an essentialist position that enables them able to act cohesively and "can be powerfully displacing and disruptive."[53] While others have built upon the idea of strategic essentialism, Spivak has been unhappy with the ways the concept has been taken up. In interviews, she has disavowed the term, although not completely the concept itself.[54][55]

    In speeches given and published since 2002, Spivak has addressed the issue of terrorism and suicide bombings. With the aim of bringing an end to suicide bombings, she has explored and "tried to imagine what message [such acts] might contain," ruminating that "suicidal resistance is a message inscribed in the body when no other means will get through."[56] One critic has suggested that this sort of stylised language may serve to blur important moral issues relating to terrorism.[57] However, Spivak stated in the same speech that "single coerced yet willed suicidal 'terror' is in excess of the destruction of dynastic temples and the violation of women, tenacious and powerfully residual. It has not the banality of evil. It is informed by the stupidity of belief taken to extreme."[56]

    In addition to Derrida, Spivak has also translated the fiction of the Bengali author Mahasweta Devi, the poetry of the 18-century Bengali poet Ramprasad Sen, and A Season in the Congo by Martinique writer Aimé Césaire. In 1997, she received a prize for translation into English from the Sahitya Akadami in India.[58]

    Academic roles and honours

    She has been a Guggenheim Fellow.[59] She was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 2007.[60]

    Spivak serves on the editorial board of Boundary 2[61] and Diaspora;[62] on the advisory boards Janus Unbound,[63] differences,[64] and Signs;[65] and as a consultant editor for Interventions.[66]

    Spivak has received honorary doctorates from the University of Toronto,[67] University of London,[5] Oberlin College,[68] University of Rovira i Virgili,[69] Rabindra Bharati University,[27] Universidad Nacional de San Martín,[5] University of St Andrews,[70] Paris 8 University,[71] Presidency University,[5] Yale University,[72] University of Ghana-Legon,[27] and University of Chile.[73]

    In 2012, she received the Kyoto Prize in Arts and Philosophy,[9] while in 2021 she was elected a Corresponding Fellow of the British Academy.[74] In 2025, Spivak received the Holberg Prize.[13]

    Spivak has advised many significant post-colonial scholars. Jenny Sharpe and Mark Sanders are among her former students.[51]: xxiii [75]

    Phire Esho, Chaka, a 1961 book of love poems by Binoy Majumdar, is dedicated to her.[23]

    Her name appears in the lyrics of the Le Tigre song "Hot Topic".[76]

    Awards

    Publications

    Books

    Articles and book chapters

    • "Three Women's Texts and a Critique of Imperialism". Critical Inquiry. 12 (1). 1985. doi:10.1086/448328.
    • "The Rani of Sirmur: An Essay in Reading the Archives". History and Theory. 24 (3). 1985. doi:10.2307/2505169.
    • ."Speculations on Reading Marx: After Reading Derrida". Post-Structuralism and the Question of History. Derek Attridge, Geoff Bennington, Robert Young (eds.). Cambridge University Press. 1987.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
    • "Can the Subaltern Speak?". Marxism and the Interpretation of Culture. Cary Nelson and Lawrence Grossberg (eds.). Basingstoke: Macmillan. 1988.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
    • "Woman in Difference: Mahasweta Devi's 'Douloti the Bountiful'". Nationalisms and Sexuality. Andrew Parker, Mary Russo, Doris Sommer, Patricia Yaeger (eds.). Routledge: Routledge. 1992.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
    • "Responsibility". Boundary 2. 21 (3). 1994. doi:10.2307/303600.
    • "Ghostwriting". Diacritics. 25 (2): 65–84. 1995. doi:10.7916/D85M6HBR.
    • "'Woman' as theatre: United Nations Conference on Women, Beijing 1995". Radical Philosophy (75). January–February 1996.
    • "A Note on the New International". Parallax. 7 (3). 2001. doi:10.1080/13534640110064084.
    • "Scattered Speculations on the Subaltern and the Popular". Postcolonial Studies. 8 (4). 2006. doi:10.1080/13688790500375132.

    Translations with critical introductions

    See also

    References

    1. "The great wheel", Cornell University Library, archived from the original on 5 July 2025, retrieved 5 July 2025
    2. Yeghiayan, Eddie (2000), "Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak: A Bibliography: On the Occasion of the 20th Wellek Library Lectures" (PDF), Critical Theory Institute, University of California, Irvine, p. 1, archived (PDF) from the original on 20 April 2022
    3. University of California Television (UCTV) (8 February 2008). Gayatri Spivak: The Trajectory of the Subaltern in My Work. Retrieved 28 May 2026 – via YouTube.
    4. "Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak". Encyclopedia Britannica. 20 July 1998. Archived from the original on 12 December 2025. Retrieved 28 May 2026.
    5. "Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak". Department of English and Comparative Literature. Columbia University in the City of New York. Archived from the original on 11 January 2018. Retrieved 22 March 2016.
    6. Munslow Ong, Jade (21 January 2014). "Can the Subaltern Speak?". The Literary Encyclopedia.
    7. Morton, Stephen (2010). "Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak (1942–)". In Simons, Jon (ed.). From Agamben to Zizek: Contemporary Critical Theorists: Contemporary Critical Theorists. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 210–224. ISBN 9780748643264.
    8. Morton, Stephen (2003). Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak. Routledge. pp. 144–145. ISBN 978-1-134-58383-6.
    9. "Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak". Kyoto Prize. Retrieved 28 May 2026.
    10. "Columbia University Professor Gayatri Spivak Selected as 2012 Kyoto Prize Laureate in Arts and Philosophy". Kyoto Prize USA. 22 June 2012. Archived from the original on 6 May 2016.
    11. del Rosario-Tapan, Cindy (26 June 2012). "Professor Gayatri Spivak Selected as 2012 Kyoto Prize Laureate in Arts and Philosophy". Columbia News. Columbia University. Archived from the original on 21 June 2016. Retrieved 19 April 2016.
    12. "Padma Awards Announced". Press Information Bureau. Ministry of Home Affairs (India). 25 January 2013. Archived from the original on 19 November 2018.
    13. "Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak Named 2025 Holberg Prize Laureate". Columbia News. 13 March 2025. Retrieved 16 March 2025.
    14. Spivak, Gayatri Chakravorty (11 November 2021). "How the Heritage of Postcolonial Studies Thinks Colonialism Today". Janus Unbound: Journal of Critical Studies. 1 (1): 19–29.
    15. Katyal, Anjum (24 February 2022). "'I'm a happy old girl': The Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak 80th birthday interview". Scroll.in. Retrieved 23 February 2025.
    16. Smith, Dinitia (9 February 2002). "Creating a Stir Wherever She Goes". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 20 March 2016.
    17. Landry, Donna; MacLean, Gerald, eds. (1996). "Reading Spivak". The Spivak Reader. New York: Routledge. pp. 1–4. ISBN 978-0415910019. Archived from the original on 4 January 2020. Retrieved 21 April 2016.
    18. Spivak, Gayatri Chakravorty (Spring 2006). "If Only". The Scholar & Feminist Online. 4 (2).
    19. Kona, Prakash (25 May 2024). "What Sort Of A Meaningless Term Is 'Brahmanical'? – OpEd". Eurasia Review. Archived from the original on 20 May 2025. Retrieved 28 May 2026.
    20. Gudavarthy, Ajay (24 May 2024). "The Gayatri Spivak Controversy Is About the Implosion of 'Subalternity' in Public Discourse". The Wire. Retrieved 28 May 2026.
    21. Chattopadhyay, Pradip (8 October 2024). "The reformer as a healer". The Statesman. Retrieved 28 May 2026.
    22. Choudhury, Uttara (26 June 2012). "Star Indian professor Gayatri Spivak wins $630,000 Kyoto Prize". Firstpost. Archived from the original on 5 July 2025. Retrieved 28 May 2026.
    23. Paranjape, Makarand R. (30 December 2017). "Why Be Happy When You Could Be in Love?". Southeast Asian Review of English. 54 (2): 1–12. doi:10.22452/sare.vol54no2.2.
    24. Tzanelli 2021, p. 2511.
    25. Alladin, Bernard (Winter 2001). "Profile of a Translator: Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak" (PDF). University of Ottawa.
    26. Spivak, Gayatri Chakravorty (2006). In other worlds: essays in cultural politics (PDF). Routledge classics. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-38956-3.
    27. "Gayatri Spivak". European Graduate School – Division of Philosophy, Art, and Critical Thought. Retrieved 28 May 2026.
    28. Elgatian, Sarah (5 October 2023). "University of Iowa Translation Workshop celebrates 60 years of supporting the art and labor of translation". Little Village. Retrieved 28 May 2026.
    29. "MYSELF MUST I REMAKE: The Life and Poetry of W. B. Yeats". Kirkus Reviews. 1 March 1974.
    30. Paulson, Steve (29 July 2016). "Critical Intimacy: An Interview with Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak". Los Angeles Review of Books. Retrieved 28 May 2026.
    31. "About". Cultural Studies Program. University of Pittsburgh. Retrieved 28 May 2026.
    32. "Practicing social change". The New Criterion. March 1991. Retrieved 28 May 2026.
    33. Bollinger, Lee C. (9 March 2007). "Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak Named Newest University Professor". Office of the President. Columbia University. Retrieved 28 May 2026.
    34. Chakravorty Spivak, Gayatri (2024). "Teaching for a Broken World". Anglica. An International Journal of English Studies (33/3): 11–26. doi:10.7311/0860-5734.33.3.02. ISSN 0860-5734.
    35. Mehta, Julie Banerjee (31 May 2025). "Winner of the 2025 prestigious Holberg Prize Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak looks back on her life and works". t2ONLINE. Retrieved 28 May 2026.
    36. Vinod, M.J.; Karlekar, Lakshmi (12 January 2026). "Honouring the Indian Revolutionary Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak: Impact on Feminist Identity Discourse". Global South Forum. Retrieved 28 May 2026.
    37. Greenberg, Zoe (13 August 2018). "What Happens to #MeToo when a Feminist is the Accused?". The New York Times.
    38. Wang, Esther (17 August 2018). "What Are We to Make of the Case of Scholar Avital Ronell?". Jezebel. Archived from the original on 31 August 2018. Retrieved 31 August 2018.
    39. Butler, Judith (20 August 2018). "Judith Butler Explains Letter in Support of Avital Ronell". The Chronicle of Higher Education. Archived from the original on 30 August 2018. Retrieved 31 August 2018.
    40. Neumeister, Larry (17 August 2018). "Student sues professor he says sexually harassed him". AP News. Retrieved 28 May 2026.
    41. Kumar, Anshul (28 May 2024). "Can Spivak listen? Reflections on the Spivak-Kumar Fracas". Round Table India. Retrieved 30 May 2024.
    42. Lakshman, Abhinay (24 May 2024). "JNU student did not identify himself as Dalit: Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak on row over seminar". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 30 May 2024.
    43. Vijayan, Anilkumar Payyappilly (29 May 2024). "Like a Nightmare on the Brains of the Living: The JNU Row and its Buried Underside". The Wire. Retrieved 30 May 2024.
    44. "Reading Spivak". The Spivak Reader: Selected Works of Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak. Routledge. 1996. pp. 1–4. ISBN 9780415910019. Archived from the original on 4 January 2020. Retrieved 19 April 2016.
    45. Lahiri, Bulan (6 February 2011). "Speaking to Spivak". The Hindu. Chennai, India. Archived from the original on 24 April 2013. Retrieved 7 February 2011.
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    47. Dhondy, Farrukh (9 August 1999). "Death sentences". New Statesman. Archived from the original on 22 August 2019.
    48. Eagleton, Terry (13 May 1999). "In the Gaudy Supermarket". London Review of Books. Vol. 21, no. 10. ISSN 0260-9592. Retrieved 28 May 2026.
    49. Butler, Judith (1 July 1999). "Exacting Solidarities". London Review of Books. Vol. 21, no. 13. ISSN 0260-9592. Retrieved 28 May 2026.
    50. Sharp, Joanne (2009). Geographies of Postcolonialism: Spaces of Power and Representation. London: SAGE Publications. pp. 109–130. doi:10.4135/9781446212233.n7. ISBN 978-1-4129-0779-8.
    51. Spivak, Gayatri Chakravorty (1999). A Critique of Postcolonial Reason: Toward a History of the Vanishing Present. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-17764-2.
    52. Herbjørnsrud, Dag (3 September 2021). "Beyond decolonizing: global intellectual history and reconstruction of a comparative method". Global Intellectual History. 6 (5): 614–640. doi:10.1080/23801883.2019.1616310. S2CID 166543159.
    53. Fuss, Diana (1 July 1989). "Reading Like a Feminist". Differences. 1 (2): 77–92. doi:10.1215/10407391-1-2-77. Spivak's simultaneous critique and endorsement of Subaltern Studies's essentialism suggests that humanism can be activated in the service of the subaltern; in other words, when put into practice by the dispossessed themselves, essentialism can be powerfully displacing and disruptive.
    54. Danius, Sara; Jonsson, Stefan; Spivak, Gayatri Chakravorty (1993). "An Interview with Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak". Boundary 2. 20 (2): 24–50. doi:10.2307/303357. JSTOR 303357.
    55. Mambrol, Nasrullah (9 April 2016). "Strategic Essentialism". Literary Theory and Criticism Notes. Archived from the original on 9 March 2018. Retrieved 9 March 2018.
    56. Spivak, Gayatri Chakravorty (2004). "Terror: A Speech After 9-11". Boundary 2. 31 (2): 81–111. doi:10.1215/01903659-31-2-81. S2CID 161187420. Project MUSE 171420.
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    64. "differences". Duke University Press. Retrieved 29 May 2026.
    65. "Masthead". Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society. Retrieved 29 May 2026.
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    72. "Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak Awarded Honorary Degree at Yale". Women's, Gender, and Sexuality Studies. Yale University. 29 May 2015. Retrieved 29 May 2026.
    73. "Gayatri Spivak Receives Honorary Doctorate from University of Chile". The Department of English and Comparative Literature. Columbia University. 13 March 2023. Retrieved 29 May 2026.
    74. "The British Academy elects 84 new Fellows recognising outstanding achievement in the humanities and social sciences". The British Academy. 23 July 2021. Archived from the original on 23 July 2021. Retrieved 22 January 2022.
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    76. Oler, Tammy (31 October 2019). "57 Champions of Queer Feminism, All Name-Dropped in One Impossibly Catchy Song". Slate Magazine. Archived from the original on 29 November 2020. Retrieved 8 December 2020.
    77. Chang, Anna (15 November 2017). "Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak Receives Lifetime Scholarly Achievement Award". News from the MLA.

    Further reading

    • Spivak, Gayatri (1997). "'In a Word': interview". In Nicholson, Linda (ed.). The Second Wave: A Reader in Feminist Theory. Interviewed by Ellen Rooney. New York: Routledge. pp. 356–378. ISBN 9780415917612.
    • Milevska, Suzana (January 2005). "Resistance That Cannot be Recognised as Such: Interview with Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak". N.paradoxa. 15: 6–12.
    • Caruth, Cathy (2010). "Interview with Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak". PMLA. 125 (4).
    • Iuliano, Fiorenzo (2012). Altri mondi, altre parole. Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak tra decostruzione e impegno militante (in Italian). OmbreCorte. ISBN 9788897522362.
    • Tzanelli, Rodanthi (2021). "Spivak, Gayatri C. (b. 1942)". In Ness, Immanuel; Cope, Zak (eds.). The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Imperialism and Anti-Imperialism. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 2510–2516. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-29901-9_272. ISBN 978-3-030-29900-2.