| Totoli | |
|---|---|
| Native to | Parts of Central Sulawesi, Indonesia |
Native speakers | (25,000 cited 2001)[1] |
Austronesian
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | txe |
| Glottolog | toto1304 |
| ELP | Totoli |
Totoli (also known as Tolitoli) is a Sulawesi language of the Austronesian language family spoken by about 25,000 of the Totoli people of Central Sulawesi, Indonesia.[2]
Grammar
Voice
Totoli has a symmetrical voice system.[3] In the examples below, i Winarno mongusut kunji motorna is an actor voice construction, while kunji itu kusuti i Winarno is an undergoer voice construction.
I
HON
Winaro
PN
moN-kusut
AV-look.for
kunji
key
motor=na
scooter=3S.GEN
I Winaro moN-kusut kunji motor=na
HON PN AV-look.for key scooter=3S.GEN
'Winarno is looking for the keys of his scooter.'[3]: 1
kunji
key
itu
DIST
kusut-i
look.for-UV.2
i
HON
Winaro
PN
kunji itu kusut-i i Winaro
key DIST look.for-UV.2 HON PN
'The keys are being looked for by Winarno.'[3]: 1
The syntactic pivot can be placed before the predicate, as shown:
gaukan
king
no-gutu
AV.RLS-make
ponguman
story
itu
DIST
gaukan no-gutu ponguman itu
king AV.RLS-make story DIST
'The king made this announcement.'[4]: 142
kopi
coffee
ia
PRX
ni-pogutu
RLS(UG)-make
i
PN
Andris
Andrew
kopi ia ni-pogutu i Andris
coffee PRX RLS(UG)-make PN Andrew
'Andrew made this coffee.'[4]: 143
References
- Totoli at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- Fatinah, Siti; Maerina, Ryen; Hastuti, Heksa Biopsi Puji; Karsana, Deni; Agus, Nuraidar; Septiana, Dwiani; Yulianti, Andi Indah (2025-12-31). "Totoli language: could it be extinct?". Cogent Arts & Humanities. 12 (1). doi:10.1080/23311983.2024.2432139. ISSN 2331-1983.
- Riesberg, Sonja (2014). Symmetrical voice and linking in Western Austronesian languages. Walter de Gruyter.
- Adelaar, K. Alexander; Himmelmann, Nikolaus, eds. (2005). The Austronesian languages of Asia and Madagascar.
- Bracks C (2024). Compound Intonation Units in Totoli Postlexical prosody and the prosody-syntax interface (pdf). Berlin: Language Science Press. doi:10.5281/zenodo.10559070. ISBN 9783961104369.
External links
Totoli DoReCo corpus compiled by Maria Bardají, Christoph Bracks, Claudia Leto, Datra Hasan, Sonja Riesberg, Winarno S. Alamudi and Nikolaus P. Himmelmann. Audio recordings of narrative texts with transcriptions time-aligned at the phone level, translations, and time-aligned morphological annotations.