Rhenium-188

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Isotopes of rhenium (75Re)
Main isotopes[1] Decay
Isotope abun­dance half-life (t1/2) mode pro­duct
183Re synth 70 d ε 183W
184Re synth 35.4 d β+ 184W
184mRe synth 177.25 d IT 184Re
β+ 184W
185Re 37.4% stable
186Re synth 3.7185 d β− 186Os
ε 186W
186mRe synth 2×105 y IT 186Re
187Re 62.6% 4.16×1010 y β− 187Os
Standard atomic weight Ar°(Re)

Naturally occurring rhenium (75Re) is 37.4% 185Re, which is stable (although it is predicted to decay), and 62.6% 187Re, which is unstable but has a very long half-life (4.16×1010 years). Among elements with a known stable isotope, only indium and tellurium similarly occur with a stable isotope in lower abundance than the long-lived radioactive isotope.

There are 36 other unstable isotopes recognized, the longest-lived of which are 183Re with a half-life of 70 days, 184Re with a half-life of 35.4 days, 186Re with a half-life of 3.7185 days, 182Re with a half-life of 64.2 hours, and 189Re with a half-life of 24.3 hours. There are also numerous isomers, the longest-lived of which are 186mRe with a half-life of 200,000 years and 184mRe with a half-life of 177.25 days.[4] All others have half-lives less than a day.

List of isotopes


Nuclide
[n 1]		 Z N Isotopic mass (Da)[5]
[n 2][n 3]		 Discovery
year[6][7]		 Half-life[1]
[n 4][n 5]		 Decay
mode[1]
[n 6]		 Daughter
isotope
[n 7][n 8]		 Spin and
parity[1]
[n 9][n 5]		 Natural abundance (mole fraction)
Excitation energy[n 5] Normal proportion[1] Range of variation
159Re 75 84 158.98411(33)# 2006 40# μs 1/2+#
159mRe 210(50)# keV 2006 20(4) μs p (92.5%) 158W (11/2−)
α (7.5%) 155Ta
160Re 75 85 159.98188(32)# 1992 611(7) μs p (89%) 159W (4−)
α (11%) 156Ta
160mRe 177(15) keV 2011 2.8(1) μs IT 160Re (9+)
161Re 75 86 160.97762(16) 1979 440(1) μs p 160W 1/2+
161mRe 123.7(13) keV 1997 14.7(3) ms α (93.0%) 157Ta 11/2−
p (7.0%) 160W
162Re 75 87 161.97590(22)# 1979 107(13) ms α (94%) 158Ta (2)−
β+ (6%) 162W
162mRe 175(9) keV 1997 77(9) ms α (91%) 158Ta (9)+
β+ (9%) 162W
163Re 75 88 162.972085(20) 1979 390(70) ms β+ (68%) 163W 1/2+
α (32%) 159Ta
163mRe 120(5) keV 1997 214(5) ms α (66%) 159Ta 11/2−
β+ (34%) 163W
164Re 75 89 163.970507(59) 1979 719(89) ms α (?%) 160Ta (2)−
β+ (?%) 164W
164mRe[n 10] −50(250) keV 2009 890(130) ms β+ (97%) 164W (9,10)+
α (3%) 160Ta
165Re 75 90 164.967086(25) 1981 1.6(6) s β+ (86%) 165W (1/2+)
α (14%) 161Ta
165mRe[n 10] 28(22) keV 2012 1.74(6) s β+ (87%) 165W (11/2−)
α (13%) 161Ta
166Re 75 91 165.965821(95) 1978 2.25(21) s β+ 166W (7+)
α 162Ta
167Re 75 92 166.962604(43)# 1992 3.4(4) s α (?%) 163Ta 9/2−
β+ (?%) 167W
167mRe 131(13)# keV 1992 5.9(3) s β+ (?%) 167W 1/2+
α (?%) 163Ta
168Re 75 93 167.961573(33) 1992 4.4(1) s β+ 168W (7+)
α (0.005%) 164Ta
169Re 75 94 168.958766(12) 1978 8.1(5) s β+ 169W (9/2−)
α (0.005%) 165Ta
169mRe 175(13) keV 1984 15.1(15) s β+ (?%) 169W (1/2+,3/2+)
α (?%) 164Ta
170Re 75 95 169.958235(12) 1974 >1# s β+ 170W (8−,9−)#
170m1Re 73(17) keV (2020)[n 11] 9.2(2) s β+ 170W (5+)
170m2Re 210.1(1) keV (2019)[n 12] 130(10) ns IT 170Re (6,7,8,9)
171Re 75 96 170.955716(30) 1987 15.2(4) s β+ 171W (9/2−)
172Re 75 97 171.955376(38) 1972 55(5) s β+ 172W (2+)
172mRe[n 10] 110(50)# keV 1977 15(3) s β+ 172W (7+)
173Re 75 98 172.953243(30) 1986 2.0(3) min β+ 173W (5/2−)
174Re 75 99 173.953115(30) 1972 2.40(4) min β+ 174W 3+#
174mRe 100(50)# keV 2012 1# min
[>1 μs]		 7+#
175Re 75 100 174.951381(30) 1967 5.89(5) min β+ 175W 5/2−#
176Re 75 101 175.951623(30) 1967 5.3(3) min β+ 176W (3+)
177Re 75 102 176.950328(30) 1957 14(1) min β+ 177W 5/2−
177mRe 84.70(10) keV 1972 50(10) μs IT 177Re 5/2+
178Re 75 103 177.950989(30) 1957 13.2(2) min β+ 178W (3+)
179Re 75 104 178.949990(26) 1960 19.5(1) min β+ 179W 5/2+
179m1Re 65.35(9) keV 1972 95(25) μs IT 179Re (5/2−)
179m2Re 1822(50)# keV 1989 408(12) ns IT 179Re (23/2+)
179m3Re 5408.0(5) keV 2002 466(15) μs IT 179Re (47/2+,49/2+)
180Re 75 105 179.950792(23) 1955 2.46(3) min β+ 180W (1)−
180m1Re 90(30)# keV (2005)[n 13] >1# μs IT 180Re (4+,5+)
180m2Re 3561(30)# keV 2005 9.0(7) μs IT 180Re 21−
181Re 75 106 180.950062(13) 1957 19.9(7) h β+ 181W 5/2+
181m1Re 262.91(11) keV 1967 156.7(19) ns IT 181Re 9/2−
181m2Re 1656.37(14) keV 1974 250(10) ns IT 181Re 21/2−
181m3Re 1880.57(16) keV 1969 11.5(9) μs IT 181Re 25/2+
181m4Re 3869.40(18) keV 2000 1.2(2) μs IT 181Re (35/2−)
182Re 75 107 181.95121(11) 1950 64.2(5) h β+ 182W 7+
182m1Re[n 10] 60(100) keV 1950 14.14(45) h β+ 182W 2+
182m2Re 296(100) keV 1969 585(30) ns IT 182Re (2)−
182m3Re 521(100) keV 1984 0.78(9) μs IT 182Re (4−)
183Re 75 108 182.9508213(86) 1950 70.0(14) d EC 183W 5/2+
183mRe 1907.21(15) keV 1966 1.04(4) ms IT 183Re 25/2+
184Re 75 109 183.9525281(46) 1940 35.4(7) d β+ 184W 3−
184mRe 188.0463(17) keV 1963 177.25(7) d[4] IT (74.5%) 184Re 8+
β+ (25.5%) 184W
185Re 75 110 184.95295832(88) 1931 Observationally stable[n 14] 5/2+ 0.3740(5)
185mRe 2124.1(4) keV 1997 200(4) ns IT 185Re 25/2+
186Re 75 111 185.95498917(88) 1939 3.7185(5) d β− (92.53%) 186Os 1−
EC (7.47%) 186W
186mRe 148.2(5) keV 1972 ~2.0×105 y IT[n 15] 186Re (8+)
187Re[n 16][n 17] 75 112 186.95575222(79) 1931 4.16(2)×1010 y[n 18] β−[n 19] 187Os 5/2+ 0.6260(5)
187m1Re 206.2473(10) keV 1948 555.3(17) ns IT 187Re 9/2−
187m2Re 1682.0(6) keV 2003 354(62) ns IT 187Re 21/2+
188Re 75 113 187.95811366(79) 1939 17.005(3) h β− 188Os 1−
188mRe 172.0848(24) keV 1953 18.59(4) min IT 188Re 6−
189Re 75 114 188.9592278(88) 1963 24.3(4) h β− 189Os 5/2+
189mRe 1770.9(6) keV 2016 223(14) μs IT 189Re 29/2+
190Re 75 115 189.9618001(52) 1955 3.0(2) min β− 190Os (2)−
190mRe 204(10) keV 1962 3.1(2) h β− (54.4%) 190Os (6−)
IT (45.6%) 190Re
191Re 75 116 190.963123(11) 1963 9.8(5) min β− 191Os (3/2+)
191mRe 1601.5(4) keV 2011 50.6(35) μs IT 191Re 25/2−
192Re 75 117 191.966088(76) 1965 15.4(5) s β− 192Os (0−)
192m1Re 159(1) keV 2005 88(8) μs IT 192Re
192m2Re 267(10) keV 2012 <500 ms
193Re 75 118 192.967545(42) 1999 3# min
[>300 ns]		 5/2+#
193mRe 146.0(2) keV 2005 69(6) μs IT 193Re (9/2−)
194Re 75 119 193.97074(22)# 1999 5(1) s β− 194Os 1−#
194m1Re 150(50)# keV 2011 45(18) μs IT 194Re 4−#
194m2Re 285(40) keV 2012 25(8) s β− 194Os 11−#
194m3Re 833(33) keV 2012 100(10) s β− 194Os
195Re 75 120 194.97256(32)# 2008 5(1) s β− 195Os 5/2+#
196Re 75 121 195.97600(32)# 2008 2.4(15) s β− 196Os
196mRe 120(40)# keV 2011 3.6(6) μs IT 196Re
197Re 75 122 196.97815(32)# 2011 400# ms
[>300 ns]		 5/2+#
198Re 75 123 197.98176(43)# 2012 1# s
[>300 ns]
199Re 75 124 198.98419(43)# 2012 250# ms
[>300 ns]		 5/2+#
This table header & footer:
  1. mRe – Excited nuclear isomer.
  2. ( ) – Uncertainty (1σ) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits.
  3. # – Atomic mass marked #: value and uncertainty derived not from purely experimental data, but at least partly from trends from the Mass Surface (TMS).
  4. Bold half-life – nearly stable, half-life longer than age of universe.
  5. # – Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN).
  6. Modes of decay:
    α:Alpha decay
    β+:Positron emission
    EC:Electron capture
    β−:Beta decay
    IT:Isomeric transition
    p:Proton emission
  7. Bold italics symbol as daughter – Daughter product is nearly stable.
  8. Bold symbol as daughter – Daughter product is stable.
  9. ( ) spin value – Indicates spin with weak assignment arguments.
  10. Order of ground state and isomer is uncertain.
  11. Not clear that this state is a different state from the ground state; not included in the discovery database.
  12. Only reported in a thesis and not a refereed journal; not included in the discovery database.
  13. Half-life shorter than 100ns, not included in discovery database
  14. Believed to undergo α decay to 181Ta
  15. Theoretically capable of β− decay to 186Os[8]
  16. primordial radionuclide
  17. Used in rhenium–osmium dating
  18. Instead undergoes Bound-state β− decay with a half-life of 32.9 years when fully ionized[9]
  19. Theorized to also undergo α decay to 183Ta

Rhenium-186

Rhenium-186 is a beta emitter and radiopharmaceutical that is used to treat glioblastoma,[10] is used in theranostic medicine[11] and has been reported to be used in synoviorthesis.[12]

See also

Daughter products other than rhenium

References

  1. Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3) 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.
  2. "Standard Atomic Weights: Rhenium". CIAAW. 1973.
  3. Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.
  4. Janiak, Ł.; Gierlik, M.; R. Prokopowicz, G. Madejowski; Wronka, S.; Rzadkiewicz, J.; Carroll, J. J.; Chiara, C. J. (2022). "Half-life of the 188-keV isomer of 184Re". Physical Review C. 106 (44303) 044303. Bibcode:2022PhRvC.106d4303J. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.106.044303. S2CID 252792730.
  5. Wang, Meng; Huang, W.J.; Kondev, F.G.; Audi, G.; Naimi, S. (2021). "The AME 2020 atomic mass evaluation (II). Tables, graphs and references*". Chinese Physics C. 45 (3) 030003. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddaf.
  6. FRIB Nuclear Data Group. "Discovery of Nuclides Project, Isotope Database". doi:10.11578/frib/2279152.
  7. FRIB Nuclear Data Group. "Discovery of Nuclides Project, Isomer Database". doi:10.11578/frib/2572219.
  8. Seegmiller, D. W.; Lindner, M.; Meyer, R. A. (24 April 1972). "186Re: Nuclear structure and an isomer of half-life 2×105 y". Nuclear Physics A. 185 (1): 94–112. Bibcode:1972NuPhA.185...94S. doi:10.1016/0375-9474(72)90553-2. See Section 4.2 "Search for β-decay from the isomeric level".
  9. Bosch, F.; Faestermann, T.; Friese, J.; et al. (1996). "Observation of bound-state β− decay of fully ionized 187Re: 187Re-187Os Cosmochronometry". Physical Review Letters. 77 (26): 5190–5193. Bibcode:1996PhRvL..77.5190B. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.77.5190. PMID 10062738.
  10. "Rhenium-186 liposomes as convection-enhanced nanoparticle brachytherapy for treatment of glioblastoma". academic.oup.com. Retrieved 2024-12-07.
  11. Mastren, Tara; Radchenko, Valery; Bach, Hong T.; Balkin, Ethan R.; Birnbaum, Eva R.; Brugh, Mark; Engle, Jonathan W.; Gott, Matthew D.; Guthrie, James; Hennkens, Heather M.; John, Kevin D.; Ketring, Alan R.; Kuchuk, Marina; Maassen, Joel R.; Naranjo, Cleo M.; Nortier, F. Meiring; Phelps, Tim E.; Jurisson, Silvia S.; Wilbur, D. Scott; Fassbender, Michael E. (2017). "Bulk production and evaluation of high specific activity 186gRe for cancer therapy using enriched 186WO3 targets in a proton beam". Nuclear Medicine and Biology. 49. Elsevier BV: 24–29. doi:10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2017.02.006. ISSN 0969-8051.
  12. "Radiosynoviorthese (RSO) mit Rhenium-186 (Re-186)-Sulfid" (PDF). Retrieved 2024-12-07.