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Cases and Materials on Torts by Richard Epstein (8th ed., 2004)

Physical and Mental Harms

Intentionally Inflicted Harms: The Prima Facie Case and Defenses

Physical Harms
- Trespass to Person, Land, and Chattels
  - Vosburg v. Putney, 50 N.W. 403 (Wisc. 1891)
  - Dougherty v. Stepp, 18 N.C. 371 (N.C. 1835)
  - Intel Corp. v. Hamidi, 30 Cal. 4th 1342 (Cal. 2003)
- Defenses to Intentional Torts
  - Consensual Defenses
    - Mohr v. Williams, 104 N.W. 12 (Minn. 1905)
    - Canterbury v. Spence
    - Hudson v. Craft, 33 Cal.2d 654 (Cal. 1949)
  - Insanity
    - McGuire v. Almy
  - Self-defense
    - Courvoisier v. Raymond
  - Defense of Property
    - Bird v. Holbrook
  - Recapture of Chattels
    - Kirby v. Foster
  - Necessity
Emotional and Dignitary Harms
- Assault
  - I. de S. and Wife v. W. de S.
  - Tuberville v. Savage, 86 Eng .Rep. 684 (K. B. 1669)
  - Blackstone, Commentaries (Vol. 3, p. 120 of the 1790 edition)
- Offensive Battery
  - Alcorn v. Mitchell
- False Imprisonment
  - Bird v. Jones
  - Coblyn v. Kennedy's, Inc.
- Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress: Extreme and Outrageous Conduct
  - Wilkinson v. Downton, 2 Q.B. 57 (Q.B. 1897)
  - American Law Institute, Restatement (Second) of Torts § 46

Strict Liability and Negligence: Historic and Analytic Foundations

Formative Cases
- The Thorns Case, Y.B. 6 Ed. 4 (K.B. 1466)
- Weaver v. Ward
The Forms of Action
- The Significance of the Forms
- Trespass and Case
  - Scott v. Shepherd, 96 Eng. Rep. 525 (K.B. 1773)
- The Breakdown of the Forms
Strict Liability and Negligence in the Last Half of the Nineteenth Century
- Brown v. Kendall
- Rylands v. Fletcher, U.K.H.L. 1 (1868)
- Brown v. Collins
- Powell v. Fall
- Holmes, The Common Law (1881), pp. 77-84, 88-96
Strict Liability and Negligence in Modern Times
- Bolton v. Stone, AC 850 (U.K.H.L. 1951)
- Hammontree v. Jenner

The Negligence Issue

The Reasonable Person
- Vaughan v. Menlove, 132 Eng. Rep. 490 (C.P. 1837)
- Holmes, The Common Law (1881), pp. 107-109
- Roberts v. Ring
- Daniels v. Evans
- Breunig v. American Family Insurance Co.
- Fletcher v. City of Aberdeen
- Robinson v. Pioche, Bayerque & Co.
- Denver & Rio Grande R.R. v. Peterson
Calculus of Risk
- Blyth v. Birmingham Water Works, 156 Eng. Rep. 1047 (Ex. Ch. 1856)
- Eckert v. Long Island R.R.
- Terry, Negligence, Harvard Law Review (1915), pp. 42-44
- Seavey, Negligence—Subjective or Objective?, Harvard Law Review (1927), p. 8, n. 7
- Osborne v. Montgomery
- Cooley v. Public Service Co.
- United States v. Carroll Towing Co., 159 F.2d 169 (2d. Cir. 1947)
- Ross, Settled Out of Court, The Social Process of Insurance Claims Adjustment (2d ed., 1980), pp. 98-99
- Lyons v. Midnight Sun Transportation Services, Inc.
- Andrews v. United States
Custom
Statutes and Regulations
- Thayer, Public Wrong and Private Action, Harvard Law Review (1914), pp. 321-323
- Osborne v. McMasters
- Restatement (Third) of Torts: Liability for Physical Harms § 14
- California Evidence Code § 69(a)
- Martin v. Herzog, 126 N.E. 814 (N.Y. 1920)
- Brown v. Shyne
- Uhr v. East Greenbush Central School District
Judge and Jury
- Holmes, The Common Law (1881),pp. 110-111, 120-124
- Baltimore and Ohio R.R. v. Goodman
- Pokora v. Wabash Ry.
- Jewell v. CSX Transportion, Inc.
Proof of Negligence
- Problems of Proof
- Res Ipsa Loquitur
  - Byrne v. Boadle, 159 Eng. Rep. 299 (1863)
  - Colmenares Vivas v. Sun Alliance Insurance Co.
  - Ybarra v. Spangard

Plaintiff's Conduct

Contributory Negligence
- Basic Doctrine
  - Butterfield v. Forrester
  - Beems v. Chicago, Rock Island & Peoria R.R.
  - Schwartz, Tort Law and the Economy in Nineteenth-Century America: A Reinterpretation, Yale Law Journal (1981), pp. 1717, 1759-162
  - Gyerman v. United States Lines Co.
  - LeRoy Fibre Co. v. Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Ry.
  - Derheim v. N. Fiorito Co.
- Last Clear Chance
  - Fuller v. Illinois Central R.R.
  - American Law Institute, Restatement (Second) of Torts § 479
Imputed Contributory Negligence
- Mills v. Armstrong
Assumption of Risk
Comparative Negligence
- At Common Law
  - Beach, Beach on Contributory Negligence (2d ed. 1892), pp. 12-13
  - Prosser, Comparative Negligence, California Law Review (1953), pp. 3-4
  - Li v. Yellow Cab Co. of California, 532 P.2d 1226 (Cal. 1975)
- By Legislation
  - Federal Employers Liability Act, 45 U.S.C. § 53 (2000)
  - New York Civil Practive Law and Rules §§ 1411-1412 (1997)
  - 42 Pennsylvania Consolidated Statutes § 7102 (1998)
  - Wisconsin Statutes § 895.045 (1997)
  - Restatement (Third) of Torts—Apportionment of Liability § 7

Multiple Defendants: Joint, Several, and Vicarious Liability

Joint and Several Liability
- Union Stock Yards co. of Omaha v. Chicago, Burlington, & Quincy R.R.
- California Civil Procedure Code §§ 875-877.5
- American Motorcycle Association v. Superior Court
- McDermott, Inc. v. AmClyde & River Don Castings, Ltd.
Vicarious Liability
- Ira S. Bushey & Sons, Inc. v. United States
- Petrovich v. Share Health Plan of Illinois, Inc.

Causation

Cause in Fact
- New York Central R.R. v. Grimstad
- Zuchowicz v. United States
- General Electric Co. v. Joiner
- Herskovits v. Group Health Cooperative
- Kingston v. Chicago & N.W. Ry.
- Summers v. Tice, 199 P.2d 1 (Cal. 1948)
- Skipworth v. Lead Industries Association
Proximate cause (Herein of Duty)
- - Bacon, The Elements of the Common Lawes of England (1630)
  - Street, Foundations of Legal Liability (1906), Vol. I, p. 110
  - Ryan v. New York Central R.R.
  - Berry v. Sugar Notch Borough
  - Brower v. New York Central & H.R.R.
  - Wagner v. International Ry.
  - In re Polemis & Furness, Withy & Co., 3 K.B. 560 (1921)
  - Palsgraf v. Long Island R.R., 162 N.E. 99 (N.Y. 1928)
  - Marshall v. Nugent
  - Overseas Tankship (U.K.) Ltd. v. Morts Dock & Engineering Co., Ltd. (Wagon Mound (No. 1)), U.K.P.C. 1 (1961)
- Emotional Distress
  - Mitchell v. Rochester Railway
  - Dillon v. Legg

Affirmative Duties

The Duty to Rescue
- Luke 10:30-37
- Buch v. Amory Manufacturing Co.
- Hurley v. Eddingfield
- Ames, Law and Morals, Harvard Law Review (1908), pp. 110-113
- Epstein, A Theory of Strict Liability, The Journal of Legal Studies (1973), p. 198-200
- Posner, Epstein's Tort Theory: A Critique, The Journal of Legal Studies (1979), p. 460
- Bender, A Lawyer's Primer on Feminist Theory and Tort, Journal of Legal Education (1988), pp. 34-35
- Montgomery v. National Convoy & Trucking Co.
Duties of Owners and Occupiers
- Robert Addie & Sons (Collieries), Ltd. v. Dumbreck
- Rowland v. Christian
Gratuitous Undertakings
- Coggs v. Bernard, 2 Ld. Raym. 909 (K.B. 1703)
- Erie R.R. v. Stewart
- Marsalis v. LaSalle
- Moch Co. v. Rensselaer Water Co.
- American Law Institute, Restatement (Second) of Tort § 315
- Kline v. 1500 Massachusetts Avenue Apartment Corp.
- Tarasoff v. Regents of the University of California, 551 P.2d 334 (Cal. 1976)

Traditional Strict Liability

Conversion
- Poggi v. Scott
- Moore v. Regents of the University of California, 793 P.2d 479 (Cal. 1990)
Animals
- Gehrts v. Batteen
Ultrahazardous or Abnormally Dangerous Activities
- Spano v. Perini Corp.
- American Law Institute, Restatement (Second) of Tort §§ 519, 520
- American Law Institute, Restatement (Third) of Torts: Liability for Physical Harm (Basic Principles) § 20
- Indiana Harbor Belt R.R. v. American Cyanamid Co., 916 F.2d 1174 (7th Cir. 1990)
Nuisance
- Private Nuisance
  - Vogel v. Grant-Lafayette Electric Cooperative
  - Fontainebleau Hotel Corp. v. Fort Five Twenty-Five, Inc.
  - Rogers v. Elliott
  - Ensign v. Walls
  - Boomer v. Atlantic Cement Co., 26 N.Y.2d 219 (N.Y. 1970)
- Public Nuisance
  - Anonymous, Y.B. Mich. 27 Hen. 8, f. 27, pl. 10 (1535) (Baldwin, C.J.) (dissent by Fitzherbert, J.)
  - 532 Madison Avenue Gourmet Foods, Inc. v. Finlandia Center, Inc.
  - Camden County Board of Chosen Freeholders v. Beretta, U.S.A. Corp.

Products Liability

Exposition
- Winterbottom v. Wright, 152 Eng. Rep. 402 (Ex. 1842)
- MacPherson v. Buick Motor Co., 111 N.E. 1050 (N.Y. 1916)
- Escola v. Coca Cola Bottling Co. of Fresno, 150 P.2d 436 (Cal. 1944)
The Restatements
- A Tale of Two Texts
  - American Law Institute, Restatement (Second) of Torts § 402A
  - American Law Institute, Restatement (Third) of the Law of Products Liability §§ 1, 2
- The Theory of Products Liability: Tort or Contract?
  - Casa Clara Condominium Association, Inc. v. Charley Toppino & Sons, Inc.
- Proper Defendants Under Section 402A
  - Cafazzo v. Central Medical Health Services, Inc.
Products Defects
- Manufacturing Defects
  - American Law Institute, Restatement (Third) of Torts § 3
  - Speller v. Sears, Roebuck & Co.
- Design Defects
  - Campo v. Scofield
  - 2 Harper and James On Torts § 28.5 (1956)
  - Wade, On the Nature of Strict Tort Liability for Products, in Mississippi Law Journal (1973), pp. 825, 836-837
  - Volkswagen of America, Inc. v. Young
  - Barker v. Lull Engineering Co.
  - Linegar v. Armour of America
  - Potter v. Chicago Pneumatic Tool Co.
  - Halliday v. Sturn, Ruger & Co.
- The Duty to Warn
Plaintiff's Conduct
- Daly v. General Motors Corp.
Federal Preemption
- Geier v. American Honda Motor Co., 529 U.S. 861 (U.S. 2000)

Damages

Recoverable Elements of Damages
- Pain and Suffering
  - McDougald v. Garber
- Economic Losses
  - O'Shea v. Riverway Towing Co.
  - Duncan v. Kansas City Southern Railway
- Contingency Fees, Fee Shifting Devices, Sales of Tort Claims, and Litigation Insurance
  - Contingency Fees
  - Fee Shifting
  - Sales of Tort Claims
  - Litigation Insurance
Collateral Benefits
- Harding v. Town of Townshend
Wrongful Death and Law of Consortium
- Wrongful Death
  - History
  - Measure of Damages
- Survival of Personal Injury Actions
- Actions for Loss of Consortium
Punitive Damages
- Kemezy v. Peters
- State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Co. v. Campbell, 538 U.S. 408 (U.S. 2003)

The Institution of Insurance

The Scope of Insurance Coverage
- Modern Tort Litigation
  - Dimmitt Chevrolet, Inc. v. Southeastern Fidelity Insurance Corp.
- Automobile Insurance Coverage
  - The March to Compulsory Insurance
  - The Standard Provisions of the Automobile Insurance Contract
Ambiguities in the Position of the Liability Insurer
- The Duty to Defend
- The Obligation to Act in Good Faith
  - Crisci v. Security Insurance Co.

The No-Fault Systems

Workers' Compensation
- Historical Origins
- The Scope of Coverage: "Arising out of and in the Course of Employment"
  - Clodgo v. Industry Rentavision, Inc.
  - Wilson v. Workers' Compensation Appeals Board
- Benefits Under the Workers' Compensation Statutes
- Exclusive Remedy
No-Fault Insurance
- Automobile No-Fault Insurance
  - American Bar Association, Special Committee on Automobile Insurance Legislation, Automobile No-Fault Insurance (1978), pp. 13-17
  - Epstein, Automobile No-Fault Plans: A Second Look at First Principles, Creighton Law Review (1980), pp. 789-790
  - Pinnick v. Cleary
- No-Fault Insurance for Medical and Product Injuries
The New Zealand Plan
- Report of the Royal Commission of Inquiry, Compensation for Personal Injury in New Zealand
- Credit Suisse First Boston, Accident Compensation: Options for Reform 9-12 (1998)
The 9/11 Compensation Fund
- Colaio v. Feinberg

Torts Against Nonphysical Interests

Defamation

Publication
- Doe v. Gonzaga University, 536 U.S. 273 (U.S. 2002)
- Firth v. State of New York
False or Defamatory Statements
- Parmiter v. Coupland
- American Law Institute, Restatement (Second) of Torts § 559
- Wilkow v. Forbes, Inc.
- Muzikowski v. Paramount Pictures Corp.
- Veeder, Freedom of Public Discussion, Harvard Law Review (1910), pp. 419-420
Libel and Slander
- The Common Law Distinction
- Libel Per Quod and Libel Per Se
Basis of Liability: Intention, Negligence, and Strict Liability in Defamation
- E. Hulton & Co. v. Jones
Damages
- Special Damages
  - Terwilliger v. Wands
  - Ellsworth v. Martindale-Hubbell Law Directory, Inc.
- General Damages
  - McCormick, Damages § 116 (1935)
  - Faulk v. Aware, Inc.
- Other Remedies
  - Injunctions
  - Retraction
  - Reply Statutes
Nonconstitutional Defenses
- Truth
  - Auvil v. CBS 60 Minutes
- Privileges in the Private Sphere
  - Legal Proceedings and Reports Thereon
    - Kennedy v. Cannon
  - Reports on Public Proceedings or Meetings
    - Brown & Williamson Tobacco Corp. v. Jacobson
  - Fair Comment: Artistic and Literary Criticism
Constitutional Privileges
- Public Officials and Public Figures
  - New York Times Co. v. Sullivan, 376 U.S. 254 (U.S. 1964)
  - Curtis Publishing Co. v. Butts, 388 U.S. 130 (U.S. 1967)
- Private Parties
  - Gertz v. Robert Welch, Inc., 418 U.S. 323 (U.S. 1974)
  - Philadelphia Newspapers v. Hepps

Privacy

Historical Background
- Warren and Brandeis, The Right to Privacy, Harvard Law Review (1890), pp. 193-197
- Prosser, Privacy, California Law Review (1960), pp. 383-384
- Kalven, Privacy in the Tort Law—Were Warren and Brandeis Wrong?, Law and Contemporary Problems (1966), pp. 330-331
- Prosser, Privacy, California Law Review (1960), pp. 389, 407
Intrusion Upon Seclusion
Public Disclosure of Embarrassing Private Facts
- American Law Institute, Restatement (Second) of Torts § 652D
- Sidis v. F-R Publishing Corp.
- Cox Broadcasting Corp. v. Cohn, 420 U.S. 469 (U.S. 1975)
- Haynes v. Alfred A. Knopf, Inc.
False Light
- American Law Institute, Restatement (Second) of Torts § 652E
- Time, Inc. v. Hill
Commercial Appropriation of Plaintiff's Name or Likeness, or the Right of Publicity
- New York Civil Rights Law §§ 50, 51
- American Law Institute, Restatement (Second) of Torts § 652C
- Restatement (Third): Unfair Competition § 46
- White v. Samsung Electronics America, Inc
- Zacchini v. Scripps-Howard Broadcasting Co., 433 U.S. 562 (U.S. 1977)
- Factors Etc., Inc. v. Pro Arts, Inc.

Misrepresentation

Fraud
- Pasley v. Freeman
- Vulcan Metals Co. v. Simmons Manufacturing Co.
- Swinton v. Whitinsville Savings Bank
- Laidlaw v. Organ, 15 U.S. 178 (U.S. 1817)
- Edginton v. Fitzmaurice
- Laborers Local 17 Health and Benefit Fund v. Philip Morris, Inc.
Negligent Misrepresentation
- Ultramares Corp. v. Touche, 174 N.E. 441 (N.Y. 1931)

Economic Harms

Tort Immunities

Domestic or Intrafamily Immunities
- Parent and Child
  - Suits Between Parent and Child
  - Third Party Actions
- Husband and Wife
Charitable Immunity
Municipal Corporations
- At Common Law
- By Statute
  - 745 Illinois Compiled Statutes §§ 10/2-102 — 10/2-202 (2003)
- Under the Constitution
Sovereign Immunity
- Berkovitz v. United States
Official Immunity
- Clinton v. Jones, 520 U.S. 681 (U.S. 1997