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1985 Hungarian parliamentary election

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1985 Hungarian parliamentary election
8 June 1985
All 387 seats in the National Assembly
Turnout94.02%
  First party Second party
 
Leader János Kádár –
Party MSZMP Independents
Alliance HNF HNF
Leader since 25 October 1956 –
Seats won 288 98
Seat change Increase36 Decrease2
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Parliamentary elections were held in Hungary on 8 June 1985.[1] The Patriotic People's Front, dominated by the Communist Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party, was the only organisation allowed to contest the election. All prospective candidates had to accept the Front's program in order to be eligible.[2]

The MSZMP, the only legal political party in the country, won 288 of the 387 seats, with 98 of the remaining 99 going to independents selected by the party. The one other seat remained unfilled until the following year.[3]

Electoral system

The elections took place under new rules enacted in 1983 that allowed for wider participation in the electoral process.[2] In addition to the 352 single-member constituencies, a further 35 MPs were elected unopposed via a national list. According to Politburo member Mihaly Korom, this was necessary in order to ensure the "representation of leading personalities" whose activities extended "beyond the boundaries of their electoral districts."[4][5] Voters who were away from home on election day could only vote on the national list, which had around 160,000 extra voters compared to the single-member constituencies.[4]

There had to be at least two candidates in the single-member constituencies, which was achieved everywhere except Keszthely, where one candidate withdrew his nomination. A by-election was later held for the seat in the spring of 1986.[3] In 54 constituencies, mainly in urban areas, at least three and as many as four candidates appeared on the ballot.[6]

Results

PartySMCsNational listSeats+/–
Votes%Votes%
Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party6,636,68598.817,145,60199.10288+36
Independents98–2
Vacant1–
Against79,7021.1964,8940.90––
Total6,716,387100.007,210,495100.00387+35
Valid votes6,716,38794.567,210,49599.24
Invalid/blank votes386,7595.4455,4200.76
Total votes7,103,146100.007,265,915100.00
Registered voters/turnout7,586,48093.637,728,20894.02
Source: Nohlen & Stöver, IPU,[7] Other[8]

The activity of the parliament

The parliamentary term was determined by the last years of the Cold War, the impending defeat of the Soviet Union created a gradual opening towards a market economy. Finally, during the 1989 revolution, the political changes also took place. The seventh and final five-year plan was adopted in 1985, the economic goals of which were determined by the 13th Congress of the Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party.[9] The education system was modernized and schools were given greater autonomy. [10] The ownership, use, circulation and protection of agricultural land were comprehensively regulated. [11] VAT was introduced [12] and personal income tax.[13] The power of the Presidential Council were limited and the primary legislative role of the National Assembly was strengthened.[14] The Kft, Rt, Bt and Kkt corporate forms were created[15] and the corporate profit tax was introduced.[16] FDI was made possible.[17]

End of communism in Hungary

The establishment of associations, political parties and civil society organisations became free,[18] the holding of peaceful demonstrations, marches and events,[19] unrestricted travel and emigration abroad.[20] Legal strikes became possible[21] and the Workers' Militia was abolished.[22] The Third Republic,[23] the Constitutional Court,[24] the State Audit Office (Hungary)[25] was established. The possibility of reviewing the judgments related to the 1956 revolution,[26] and the possibility of referendums[27] was created. The Presidential Council was abolished, replaced by the President of the Republic, who is elected by the National Assembly by secret ballot.[28] The system of parliamentary elections was changed: it became free and multi-party, the number of single-member district was reduced, and the multi-member constituencies and the national compensation list were introduced.[29]

References

  1. Dieter Nohlen & Philip Stöver (2010) Elections in Europe: A data handbook, p899 ISBN 978-3-8329-5609-7
  2. Burant, Stephen R. Hungary: A Country Study p181
  3. Nohlen & Stöver, p932
  4. Nohlen & Stöver, p923
  5. Burant, p. 184
  6. Burant, p. 184
  7. Parline database of the Interparliamentary Union: HUNGARY_1985_E.PDF
  8. A választási eredmények 1945–1990
  9. "Act VII of 1985 on the Seventh Five-Year Plan of the National Economy" (in Hungarian). Retrieved 18 May 2026.
  10. "Act I of 1985 on Education" (in Hungarian). Retrieved 18 May 2026.
  11. "Act I of 1987 on Land" (in Hungarian). Retrieved 18 May 2026.
  12. "Act V of 1987 on Value Added Tax" (in Hungarian). Retrieved 18 May 2026.
  13. "Act VI of 1987 on Personal Income Tax" (in Hungarian). Retrieved 18 May 2026.
  14. "Act X of 1987 on the Amendment of the Constitution" (in Hungarian). Retrieved 18 May 2026.
  15. "Act VI of 1988 on Business Associations" (in Hungarian). Retrieved 18 May 2026.
  16. "Act IX of 1988 on Corporate Profit Tax" (in Hungarian). Retrieved 18 May 2026.
  17. "Act XXIV of 1988 on Foreign Investments in Hungary" (in Hungarian). Retrieved 18 May 2026.
  18. "Act II of 1989 on the right of association" (in Hungarian). Retrieved 18 May 2026.
  19. "Act III of 1989 on the Right of Assembly" (in Hungarian). Retrieved 18 May 2026.
  20. "Act XXVIII of 1989 on Travel Abroad and Passports" (in Hungarian). Retrieved 18 May 2026.
  21. "Act VII of 1989 on Strikes" (in Hungarian). Retrieved 18 May 2026.
  22. "Act XXX of 1989 on the abolition of the workers' guard" (in Hungarian). Retrieved 18 May 2026.
  23. "Twenty-fourth Amendment to the Constitution" (PDF) (in Hungarian). Retrieved 18 May 2026.
  24. "Act XXXII of 1989 on the Constitutional Court" (in Hungarian). Retrieved 18 May 2026.
  25. "Act XXXVIII of 1989 on the State Audit Office" (in Hungarian). Retrieved 18 May 2026.
  26. "Act XXXVI of 1989 on the redress of convictions related to the 1956 popular uprising" (in Hungarian). Retrieved 18 May 2026.
  27. "Act XVII of 1989 on referendums and popular initiatives" (in Hungarian). Retrieved 18 May 2026.
  28. "Act XXXV of 1989 on the Election of the President of the Republic" (in Hungarian). Retrieved 18 May 2026.
  29. "Act XXXIV of 1989 on the Election of Members of Parliament" (in Hungarian). Retrieved 18 May 2026.