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Amélie Nothomb

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Baroness

Amélie Nothomb
Amélie Nothomb on 14 March 2009
Amélie Nothomb on 14 March 2009
Born
Fabienne Claire Nothomb

(1966-07-09) 9 July 1966 or (1967-08-13) 13 August 1967
Etterbeek, Belgium or Kōbe, Japan (disputed: see article body)
OccupationWriter
NationalityBelgian
EducationUniversité libre de Bruxelles
Notable worksLoving Sabotage
Fear and Trembling
Tokyo Fiancée
The Life of Hunger
Notable awards Order of the Crown (Belgium), member of Académie royale de langue et de littérature françaises de Belgique, Prix littéraire de la vocation, Prix Jacques Chardonne, Prix de Flore, Prix Alain-Fournier, Grand prix Jean Giono, Grand Prix du roman de l'Académie française
Signature
Website
amelie-nothomb.com

Baroness Fabienne Claire Nothomb (French pronunciation: [fabjɛn klɛːʁ nɔtɔ̃b]; born 13 August 1967[1]), better known by her pen name Amélie Nothomb (French: [ameli nɔtɔ̃b]),[2] is a Belgian Francophone novelist.

A prolific author, since the publication of her first novel Hygiene and the Assassin in 1992, at the age of twenty-six, she has published a book a year. Her novels are among the top literary sales and have been translated into several languages. She is a Commander of the Order of the Crown[3] and has had the title of Baroness bestowed upon her by King Philippe of Belgium.[4] Her satirical novel about corporate life in Japan Fear and Trembling won the Grand Prix du roman de l'Académie française in 1999, and in 2015 she was elected to the Royal Academy of French Language and Literature in Belgium.[5]

Biography

Research shows Amélie Nothomb was born in Etterbeek, Brussels-Capital Region on 9 July 1966.[6] As an artist, she has consistently claimed metaphorically to have been born in Kobe, Japan in 1967[a] while records show her living there only from ages two to five.[6] Subsequently, she lived in China, New York City, Bangladesh, Burma, the United Kingdom (Coventry) and Laos.[7] She stems from a Belgian noble family. Her father was the Belgian diplomat Patrick Nothomb, and she is the grandniece of Charles-Ferdinand Nothomb, a Belgian foreign minister (1980–1981), and great-granddaughter of writer and politician Pierre Nothomb.[7] She has one brother (André Nothomb) and one sister, Juliette Nothomb, who is an author of culinary and children's books.

Her family's coat of arms

While in Japan, Nothomb attended a local school and learned Japanese. When she was five, the family moved to China. She remarked in Fear and Trembling that leaving Japan was "a wrenching separation for me". She studied philology at the Université libre de Bruxelles, initially planning to become a teacher[8] However, after having finished her studies, Nothomb returned to Japan to work in a Japanese company in Tokyo. Her experience of this time is expressed in Fear and Trembling.[9] What could have been a life dream turned into a nightmare, as her colleagues launched a campaign to humiliate her and she ended up taking care of the loos at the company. This experience made her aware that she wasn't able to do much in life, except speaking Japanese, and pushed her to start concentrating on her writing.

Writing career

Nothomb's first novel, Hygiène de l'assassin, was published in 1992.[10] Since then, she has published approximately one novel per year, including Les Catilinaires (1995), Fear and Trembling (1999) and Métaphysique des tubes (2000). She has been awarded numerous prizes, including the 1993 Prix Jacques-Chardonne, the 1999 Grand Prix du roman de l'Académie française, the Grand prix Jean Giono (2008), and since 2015 has been a member of the Belgium Royal Academy of French language and literature.[11]

She wrote a romanticized biography (The Book of Proper Names) of French female singer Robert in 2002 and during the period 2000–2002 wrote the lyrics for nine tracks by the same artist.

A documentary — Amélie Nothomb: une vie entre deux eaux (a life between two waters) — co-written and directed by Laurelinne Amanieux and Luca Chiari, about Amélie's return to Japan and rediscovery of the beauty of the landscapes, the peaceful rites, the sadness of Fukushima, but especially, the meeting with her Japanese nursemaid, Nishio San was made in 2012.[12]

She describes in The life of hunger, and then in more detail in her book Psychopompe to have been victim of rape at the age of twelve on a beach while living in Bangladesh, and she recounts in Le Livre des soeurs how she subsequently fought anorexia nervosa. Today she states :"I'm totally cured. I eat in a strange way, but I enjoy it. Everything became well when I finally understood that I enjoy being hungry. Normally, I only eat in the evening. It's wonderful. It's like an orgy!"

By a Royal Decree of 8 July 2015, Nothomb was ennobled as a non-hereditary baroness.[13][14]

Her novel Premier sang depicts the fictional memoirs of her father, who had died in 2020, written in the first person. The book won the Prix Renaudot 2021.[15]

Personality and peculiarities

Writing process

In a 2004 interview in La Libre Belgique, Amélie states that she writes four novels a year but publishes only one, not wanting the others to come out.[16] She writes all her manuscripts rigorously by hand with a bic in notebooks everyday from 4 to 8 AM. "I do what I can to achieve it (serenity) by waking up every morning at 4 am to write, to pursue to the utmost my passions, my urges, my inner violence, my energy and my endeavors". After that, she goes to her publishing house to reply to her readers, also in handwritten form. She receives several dozen reader-letters every day, and says that she tries to answer most of them personally[17] "You can’t imagine how many letters I receive from men and women, young and old, who write to me, tell me about themselves and ask for advice, sometimes about very mundane choices they have to make! They need me to reassure them. I understand them and respond to all of them."

She doesn't own a computer or a mobile phone.[18]

She has an unusual attachment to lipsticks and states that she was a lipstick-cleptomaniac and can't even throw the empty tubes away. She also collects broken umbrellas, giving each their own name.

She has stated in a podcast that she only drinks black tea (before lunch when she writes), stating that "strong tea on an empty stomach, in large quantities and with no milk or sugar, procures a state of dry and controllable inebriety, as well as the energy I need to write" and Champagne (after lunch). She had a period of abstinence from alcohol between the age of 13 and 33 in which she was struggling with her mental health.[19] "The great strength I had during childhood entirely vanished during my teenage years and that time of my life seemed to last forever, making me a tormented soul. I recall words of absolute rejection, enduring loneliness and a deep-felt sense of being plague-stricken."

Perception

She is notorious for making a dramatic appearance, with bold fashion choices and contrasting makeup (alabaster foundation and red lipstick),[20] and sometimes appearing on television in striking hats[21] and her makeup showcasing a Japanese influence.

According to her own statements, she might be autistic. She frequently discusses her presumed neurodivergent traits and frequently portrays characters with autistic traits. She lacks an official clinical diagnosis, stating "Several people have asked me if I am autistic. Maybe I am. But what is the point? " Her work The Character of Rain, covers her early years and explains this story.

She has mentioned in interviews that the separation from her Japanese Nursemaid Nishio San, whom she considered a second mother, has been a real trauma in her life. Their special bond is equally central to the story in The Character of Rain.

Activities and honors

She is an animal rights advocate and was once honorary president of CRAC, an international anti-bullfighting organization. The International Astronomical Union named an asteroid "Nothomb" in her honor in 2006.[5]

Titles and academic distinctions

Amélie Nothomb at a book signing at the Librairie des Abbesses in November 2023

By order of the sovereign Albert II, King of Belgium, on 9 July 2008, Amélie Nothumb was granted the distinguished honor of a Commander of the Order of the Crown.[3]

By sovereign order, 8 July 2015, Madame Fabienne Claire also known as Amélie Nothumb, was granted the personal title of Baronness.[22][23][24]

In 2015, Nothomb was elected as a member of the Académie royale de langue et de littérature françaises de Belgique. She was chosen "by a vast majority" for "the importance of the work, her originality and her consistency, and her international influence," explained Jacques De Decker, the academy's permanent secretary. She assumed the seat of the Belgian writer and sinologist Simon Leys,[5][25] whom she has praised with feeling.[26]

Reception

Nothomb's work is distinguished by its originality and humor, often with surreal touches. Her novels are usually brief and frequently include autobiographical and existential elements, mixing elements of mystery, fantasy and personal life experiences (such as rape or anorexia) as well as deep reflections about death.[27]

She frequently casts herself as the main character of her books.

Published
(in French)		 Type Original title English title English publication details
1992 novel Hygiène de l'assassin Hygiene and the Assassin Europa Editions, hardback, 2010 ISBN 978-1-933372-77-8
1993 novel Le Sabotage amoureux Loving Sabotage W. W. Norton & Co, hardback, 2000, ISBN 0-8112-1459-1
Faber and Faber, paperback, 2003, ISBN 0-571-22663-9
1993 tale Légende un peu chinoise
(Longue Vue)
1994 play Les Combustibles Human Rites Oberon Books, paperback, 2005, ISBN 1-84002-539-5
1995 novel Les Catilinaires The Stranger Next Door Holt (Henry) & Co, hardback, 1996, ISBN 0-8050-4841-3
1996 novel Péplum
1996 14 pages short story Électre
(Stock)
1996 short story L'Existence de Dieu
(La Revue Générale)
1997 novel Attentat
1998 novel Mercure
1999 novel Stupeur et tremblements Fear and Trembling Faber and Faber, paperback, 2002, ISBN 0-571-22048-7
1999 39 pages short story Le Mystère par excellence
(Le Grand livre du mois)
2000 novel Métaphysique des tubes The Character of Rain Faber and Faber, paperback, 2003, ISBN 0-571-22049-5
2000 3 tales Brillant comme une casserole
(La Pierre d'Alun)
2001 novel Cosmétique de l'ennemi The Enemy's Cosmetique
2001 2 pages short story Aspirin
2001 64 pages short story Sans nom
(Elle)
2002 novel Robert des noms propres The Book of Proper Names Faber and Faber, paperback, 2004, ISBN 0-571-22344-3
2003 novel Antéchrista Antichrista Faber and Faber, paperback, 2004, ISBN 0-571-22483-0
2004 46 pages short story L'Entrée du Christ à Bruxelles
(Elle)
2004 novel Biographie de la faim The Life of Hunger Faber and Faber, hardback, 2006
2005 novel Acide sulfurique Sulphuric Acid Faber and Faber, hardback, 2007
2006 novel Journal d'Hirondelle
2007 novel Ni d'Eve, ni d'Adam Tokyo Fiancée Europa Editions, hardback, 2008
2007 short story in 9 episodes Les Champignons de Paris (Charlie Hebdo)
2008 novel Le Fait du prince The Prince's Act Éditions Albin Michel
2009 novel Le Voyage d'Hiver The Winter Journey Éditions Albin Michel
2010 novel Une forme de vie Life Form Europa Editions, hardback
2011 novel Tuer le père Éditions Albin Michel
2012 novel Barbe bleue[28] Éditions Albin Michel
2013 novel La nostalgie heureuse Éditions Albin Michel
2014 novel Pétronille Pétronille Europa Editions, paperback, 2015[29]
2015 novel Le Crime du comte Neville Éditions Albin Michel
2016 novel Riquet à la houppe Éditions Albin Michel
2017 novel Frappe-toi le cœur Strike your Heart Éditions Albin Michel, Europa Editions ISBN 978-1609454852[30][31][32][33]
2018 novel Les prénoms épicènes Éditions Albin Michel
2019 novel Soif Thirst Europa Editions, ISBN 978-1-60945-660-3
2020 novel Les aérostats Éditions Albin Michel, ISBN 978-2-226-45408-9
2021 novel Premier sang First Blood Europa Editions
2022 novel Le livre des sœurs Éditions Albin Michel
2023 novel Psychopompe Éditions Albin Michel, ISBN 978-2-226-48561-8
2024 novel L'impossible retour Éditions Albin Michel, ISBN 978-2-226-49594-5
2025 novel Tant mieux Éditions Albin Michel, ISBN 978-2-226-18571-6

Unless otherwise stated, all works were originally published in French by Éditions Albin Michel.

Adaptations

Film adaptations

Stage adaptations

  • Le sabotage amoureux (English: Loving sabotage), Theater Le Ranelagh, Paris, 1999

With Valérie Mairesse, Pétronille de Saint-Rapt, Vanessa Jarry Direction: Annabelle Milot

  • Le sabotage amoureux (Loving Sabotage), Theater Daniel-Sorano, Vincennes, 2003–2005

With Pauline Foschia, Jeanne Gougeau, Laurence Vielle Adaptation et direction: Brigitte Bailleux, Laurence Vielle

  • Cosmétique de l'ennemi (The Enemy's Cosmetique), "La Compagnie des Sept Lieux", Suisse, 2003–2008

With John Durand and Olivier Renault Adaptation and direction: Emmanuel Samatani and Jean-Daniel Uldry

  • Les combustibles (Human Rites), Theater Daniel-Sorano, Vincennes, March – April 2008

With Michel Boy, Julie Turin, Grégory Gerrebo Direction: Stéphane Cottin

  • Métaphysique des tubes (The Character of Rain), 2007–2009

With Cécile Schletzer and Claire Rieussec Direction: Claire Rieussec

  • Hygiène de l'assassin (Hygiene and the Assassin), Theater of Namur and Theater "le Public", Bruxelles, September – October 2008

With Daniel Hanssens, Nathalie Cornet, Valérie Marchand and Vincent Lécuyer Direction: Pierre Santini

  • Biographie de la Faim (The Life of Hunger), Theater of "La Place des Martyrs", Bruxelles, April – May 2009

With Nathalie Cornet, Michel Hinderyckx, Jessica Gazon, Stéphanie Blanchoud... Adaptation and direction: Christine Delmotte

  • Les Combustibles (Human Rites), Theater of Nesle, Paris, 16 September 2010 – 2 October 2010

With Philippe Doré, Freddy Zimmer, Florine Moreau Direction: Hubert Vinzani

  • Stupeur et Tremblements (Fear and Trembling), Theater "Le Petit Hébértot", Paris, 18 March 2011 – 22 May 2011

With Layla Metssitane Adaptation and direction: Layla Metssitane

Audio books

Eight of Amélie Nothomb's novels were adapted in the form of audio books, the first four were published by the editions "VDB", the others by "Audiolib" :

  • Robert des noms propres (=The Book of Proper Names): Amélie Nothomb (author) and Véronique Groux de Miéri (narrator), La Roque-sur-Pernes, "Éditions VDB", 1 March 2003 (ISBN 978-2-84694-068-9) (Note BNF (FRENCH NATIONAL LIBRARY) no FRBNF39186856q).

Support: 3 audio CD (lasted: 3:15 am min, complete text), ref. V.D.B. 008.

  • Antéchrista (=Antichrista): Amélie Nothomb (author) and Véronique Groux de Miéri (narrator), La Roque-sur-Pernes, "Éditions VDB", 1 March 2004 (ISBN 978-2-84694-281-2) (Note BNF (FRENCH NATIONAL LIBRARY) no FRBNF412025642).

Support: 3 audio CD (lasted: 2:52 am min, complete text), ref. V.D.B. 033. Musical illustration: Thierry Duhamel.

  • Biographie de la faim (=The life of hunger): Amélie Nothomb (author) and Véronique Groux de Miéri (narrator), La Roque-sur-Pernes, "Éditions VDB", 1 March 2005 (ISBN 978-2-84694-281-2) (Note BNF (FRENCH NATIONAL LIBRARY) no FRBNF40227909h).

Support: 4 audio CD (lasted: 4:17 am min, complete text), ref. V.D.B. 074. Musical illustration: Thierry Duhamel.

  • Acide sulfurique (=Sulphuric acid): Amélie Nothomb (author) and Véronique Groux de Miéri (narrator), La Roque-sur-Pernes, "Éditions VDB", 1 March 2006 (ISBN 978-2-84694-403-8) (Note BNF (FRENCH NATIONAL LIBRARY) no FRBNF40227903f).

Support: 3 audio CD (lasted: 5:39 am min, complete text), ref. V.D.B. 104. Musical illustration: Thierry Duhamel.

  • Ni d'Eve, ni d'Adam (=Tokyo Fiancée): Amélie Nothomb (author) and Sylvie Testud (narrator), Paris, "Audiolib", 13 February 2008 (ISBN 978-2-35641-012-2) (Note BNF (FRENCH NATIONAL LIBRARY) no FRBNF412025642).

Support: 1 audio CD (lasted: 3:50 am min, complete text), ref. Audiolib 25 0012 02.

  • Le fait du prince (=The prince's act): Amélie Nothomb (author) and Patrick Waleffe (narrator), Paris, "Audiolib", 21 January 2009 (ISBN 978-2-356-41048-1) (Note BNF (FRENCH NATIONAL LIBRARY) no FRBNF414068348).

Support: 1 audio CD (lasted: 3:00 am min, complete text), ref. Audiolib 25 0049 4.

  • Le voyage d'hiver (=The winter journey): Amélie Nothomb (author) and Thibault de Montalembert (narrator), Paris, "Audiolib", 9 September 2009 (ISBN 978-2-35641-093-1) (Note BNF (FRENCH NATIONAL LIBRARY) no FRBNF42044512x).

Support: 2 audio CD (lasted: 1:54 am min, complete text), ref. Audiolib 25 0129 4.

  • Une forme de vie (=A form of life): Amélie Nothomb (author) and Frédéric Meaux (narrator), Paris, "Audiolib", 13 October 2010 (ISBN 978-2-356-41245-4) (Note BNF (FRENCH NATIONAL LIBRARY) no FRBNF42285807k).

Support: 1 audio CD (lasted: 2:42 am min, complete text), ref. Audiolib 25 281 3.

Bibliography

  • Susan Bainbrigge and Jeanette Den Toonder, Amélie Nothomb, Authorship, Identity and Narrative Practice, Peter Lang, 2003. ISBN 0-8204-6182-2
  • (fr) Frédérique Chevillot, Amélie Nothomb : L'Invitation à la lecture. Women in French Studies, 2012, vol. 2012, no 1, p. 195-212.
  • Mary Jane Cowles, Close Encounters of the Abject Kind: The Intercultural Female Body in Amélie Nothomb's Japan.[35]
  • Amaleena Damlé, Making A Body without Organs: Amélie Nothomb's An-Organic Flux of Immanence, ISBN 978-0-748668-21-2.[36]
  • (fr) Yolande Helm, Amélie Nothomb : une écriture alimentée à la source de l'orphisme. Religiologiques, Orphée et Eurydice : mythes en mutation, 1997, vol. 15, p. 151-163.
  • Anna Kemp, The Child as Artist in Amélie Nothomb's Robert des noms propres. French studies, 2012, vol. 66, no 1, pp. 54–67.
  • Mark D. Lee, Les identités d'Amélie Nothomb : de l'invention médiatique aux fantasmes originaires, éd. Rodopi, 2010.[37][38][39]
  • (fr) Andrea Oberhuber, Réécrire à l'ère du soupçon insidieux : Amélie Nothomb et le récit postmoderne. Études françaises, 2004, vol. 40, no 1, p. 111-128.
  • Scott M Powers, Evil in Contemporary French and Francophone Literature, 2014.[40]

Notes

  1. For example, her Elle France bio claims that her birthdate is 13 August 1967.

References

  1. État présent de la noblesse belge, éditions of 1979, 1995 and 2010. Her birth is announced in n° 87, aout 1967, p. 340 of the Bulletin de l'association de la noblesse du royaume de Belgique, publication trimestrielle : Annonces de naissance : "Baron et Baronne Patrick Nothomb : Fabienne, 13 août 1967".
  2. "Amélie Nothomb soutient les librairies indépendantes sur "l'Obs"". L'Obs. 7 November 2020. Archived from the original on 12 December 2021. Retrieved 25 February 2021.
  3. "p.36843" (PDF). Belgian Official Gazette. 14 July 2008. Retrieved 24 June 2026.
  4. Petrowski, Nathalie (24 June 2026). "PLACE À LA BARONNE AMÉLIE NOTHOMB". La Presse. Archived from the original on 3 May 2022. Retrieved 24 June 2026. Et puis, coup de théâtre, en 2015, le roi des Belges a nommé Amélie baronne avec une seule restriction : si jamais elle épouse son amoureux, il ne pourra pas devenir baron à son tour.
  5. Libert, Béatrice. "Biographie". Académie royale de langue et de littérature françaises de Belgique. Archived from the original on 20 March 2022. Retrieved 24 June 2026.
  6. Ireland, Benjamin Hiramatsu (May 2012). "Amélie Nothomb's Distorted Truths: Birth, Identity, and Stupeur et tremblements". New Zealand Journal of French Studies. 33 (1): 135–156.
  7. "Institute of Modern Languages". Archived from the original on 28 March 2018. Retrieved 22 September 2021.
  8. "Amélie Nothomb Bio". Elle France. Archived from the original on 21 September 2021. Retrieved 24 June 2026.
  9. Jasper Rees (23 July 2006). "A writer's life: Amélie Nothomb". Telegraph.co.uk.
  10. Vieira, Teresa Lopes (4 September 2015). "How Amélie Nothomb Became Belgium's Most Outlandish Writer". theculturetrip.com.
  11. "Amélie Nothomb : Bio-blibliographie". www.arllfb.be.
  12. "Amélie Nothomb, une vie entre deux eaux". www.lucachiari.com.
  13. (fr)ejustice.just.fgov.be, July 17 - 2015, ejustice.just.fgov.be
  14. (fr)Voici les nouveaux nobles, Le Soir, July 17- 2015
  15. "Le prix Renaudot récompense Amélie Nothomb pour " Premier sang "". ouest-france.fr. 3 November 2021. Retrieved 3 November 2021.
  16. Anne Masset, « Amélie Nothomb », monomaniaque de l’écrit, La Libre Belgique, Rubrique « Questions à domicile », 4 août 1994, p. 2
  17. "7 choses a savoir sur amelie nothomb".
  18. "Littérature. Amélie Nothomb primée à Cognac : « Je ne crois pas au don de l'écriture".
  19. "podcast: IF THERE'S NO CHAMPAGNE AT THE RESTAURANT, I'M LEAVING".
  20. "Nothomb, son chapeau et ses livres". La Nouvelle République (in French). 7 April 2013. Archived from the original on 24 June 2026. Retrieved 24 June 2026.
  21. "France today". France Today. 18 February 2011. Archived from the original on 24 June 2026. Retrieved 24 June 2026. With her bizarre hats and strange habits, Nothomb is definitely a departure from the usually bland world of literature—she once even ate rotting fruit on a live TV show.
  22. Moniteur Belge, 17 juillet 2015, p.46530. 2018
  23. "Service public fédéral Affaires étrangères, Commerce extérieur et Coopération au Développement". concession du titre personnel de baronne à Mmes Fabienne Claire dite Amélie NOTHOMB
  24. "Voici les nouveaux nobles". Le Soir. 17 July 2015. Archived from the original on 20 July 2015. Retrieved 24 June 2026.
  25. "Amélie Nothomb élue à l'Académie royale de Belgique". Le Monde. 16 March 2015. Archived from the original on 29 April 2015. Retrieved 24 June 2026.
  26. "Amélie Nothomb enfin élue à l'Académie... De Belgique". Le Figaro. AFP. 16 March 2015. Archived from the original on 2 April 2024. Retrieved 24 June 2026.
  27. "Fnac".
  28. "Barbe bleue by Amélie Nothomb". World Literature Today. 17 December 2012.
  29. "Pétronille". Europa Editions. Retrieved 19 January 2018.
  30. Review, Washington post, Amélie Nothomb is a must-read author in France. ‘Strike Your Heart’ shows why by Michele Langevine Leiby, Sept 10. 2018
  31. "Strike Your Heart – Amélie Nothomb". www.complete-review.com.
  32. "STRIKE YOUR HEART | Kirkus Reviews" – via www.kirkusreviews.com.
  33. MALCOLM FORBES. "Review: 'Strike Your Heart,' by Amélie Nothomb". Star Tribune.
  34. Taylor, Drew (3 September 2025). "Annecy-Winning 'Little Amélie or the Character of Rain' Gets Theatrical Release Date, Trailer | Exclusive". TheWrap. Retrieved 14 October 2025.
  35. Cowles, Mary Jane (5 January 2011). "Close Encounters of the Abject Kind: The Intercultural Female Body in Amélie Nothomb's Japan". Women in French Studies. 19 (1): 94–107. doi:10.1353/wfs.2011.0002. S2CID 143733730 – via Project MUSE.
  36. Oxford Index, "Making A Body without Organs: Amélie Nothomb's An-Organic Flux of Immanence", in "Becoming of the Body" - Edinburgh University Press
  37. Vernet, Matthieu. "M. D. Lee, Les Identités d'Amélie Nothomb". www.fabula.org.
  38. Rodgers, Catherine (5 January 2011). "Les Identités d'Amélie Nothomb: de l'invention médiatique aux fantasmes originaires (review)". French Studies: A Quarterly Review. 65 (3): 409–410. doi:10.1093/fs/knr087 – via Project MUSE.
  39. "clo-adam.be pdf" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 19 December 2016.
  40. Powers, Scott M. (12 October 2010). Evil in Contemporary French and Francophone Literature. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. ISBN 9781443826167 – via Google Books.