| Araeoscelis Temporal range: Artinskian | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Fossil at Yale Peabody Museum | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Order: | †Araeoscelidia |
| Family: | †Araeoscelidae |
| Genus: | †Araeoscelis Williston 1910 |
| Type species | |
| Araeoscelis gracilis Williston 1910 | |
| Species | |
| |
| Synonyms | |
| |
Araeoscelis (from Greek: αραιά araiá, 'thin' and Greek: σκελίς skelís, 'ribs of beef')[1] is an extinct genus of sauropsid from the Early Permian of what is now Texas. Fossils have been found in the Nocona, Arroyo and Waggoner Ranch Formations. Two species have been described, A. casei and A. gracilis.[2]
Araeoscelis belonged to the clade Araeoscelidia together with close relatives such as Petrolacosaurus. Araeoscelidia is often considered one of the most basal groups of sauropsids[3][4][5][6] or as the earliest "diapsid" stem-reptiles, but some analyses have recovered them as stem-amniotes instead.[7][8]
Description
Araeoscelis was around 60 centimetres (2.0 ft) long, and superficially resembled a modern lizard. It differed from other araeoscelidians, such as Petrolacosaurus, in that its teeth were larger and blunter; possibly they were used for cracking insect carapaces.[9]
Unlike Petrolacosaurus, which possessed the two pairs of skull openings characteristic of diapsids, in Araeoscelis the lower pair of temporal fenestrae were closed with bone, resulting in a euryapsid condition. This would have made the skull more solid, presumably allowing a more powerful bite.[9]
Ichnology
Footprints found in Nova Scotia have been attributed to Araeoscelis or a close relative.[2]
References
- Colbert, Edwin H. (Edwin Harris); Knight, Charles Robert (1951). The dinosaur book: the ruling reptiles and their relatives. New York : Published for the American Museum of Natural History by McGraw-Hill. p. 145. Retrieved 17 December 2022.
- Dixon, Dougal (2015). The Complete Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs. London: Hermes House.
- Jenkins, Xavier A.; Benson, Roger BJ; Ford, David P.; Browning, Claire; Fernandez, Vincent; Dollman, Kathleen; Gomes, Timothy; Griffiths, Elizabeth; Choiniere, Jonah N.; Peecook, Brandon R. (2025-08-28). "Evolutionary assembly of crown reptile anatomy clarified by late Paleozoic relatives of Neodiapsida". Peer Community Journal. 5. doi:10.24072/pcjournal.620. ISSN 2804-3871.
- Buffa, Valentin; Jalil, Nour-Eddine; Falconnet, Jocelyn; Vincent, Peggy (2025). "The neodiapsid Thadeosaurus colcanapi from the upper Permian of Madagascar". Papers in Palaeontology. 11 (2) e70008. doi:10.1002/spp2.70008. ISSN 2056-2802.
- Buffa, Valentin; Jenkins, Xavier A.; Benoit, Julien (2025-12-31). "Galesphyrus capensis from the Permian of South Africa and the origin of Neodiapsida". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 23 (1) 2563582. doi:10.1080/14772019.2025.2563582. ISSN 1477-2019.
- Jenkins, Xavier A.; Buffa, Valentin; Marchant, Cy J.; Ford, David P.; Browning, Claire; Fernandez, Vincent; Dollman, Kathleen; Botha, Jennifer; Choiniere, Jonah N.; Benson, Roger B. J.; Peecook, Brandon R. (2026). "The origin of the tympanic fossa in reptiles revealed by a late Permian neodiapsid". Palaeontology. 69 (1) e70041. doi:10.1111/pala.70041. ISSN 1475-4983.
- Simões, Tiago R.; Kammerer, Christian F.; Caldwell, Michael W.; Pierce, Stephanie E. (2022-08-19). "Successive climate crises in the deep past drove the early evolution and radiation of reptiles". Science Advances. 8 (33) eabq1898. Bibcode:2022SciA....8.1898S. doi:10.1126/sciadv.abq1898. ISSN 2375-2548. PMC 9390993. PMID 35984885.
- Klembara, J.; Ruta, M.; Anderson, J.; Mayer, T.; Hain, M.; Valaška, D. (2023). "A review of Coelostegus prothales Carroll and Baird, 1972 from the Upper Carboniferous of the Czech Republic and the interrelationships of basal eureptiles". PLOS ONE. 18 (9) e0291687. Bibcode:2023PLoSO..1891687K. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0291687. PMC 10513281.
- Palmer, D., ed. (1999). The Marshall Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Animals. London: Marshall Editions. p. 82. ISBN 1-84028-152-9.
Further reading
- Carroll, Robert L. (1988). Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution. New York: W.H. Freeman and Co. ISBN 978-0-7167-1822-2.
- Benton, Michael J. (2000). Vertebrate Paleontology (2nd ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Science.
- Simon and Schuster (1999). The Simon & Schuster Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Creatures (1st ed.). Great Britain: Marshall Publishing. ISBN 0-684-86411-8.