Caspase 14 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CASP14 gene.[5][6][7] Orthologs of this gene also exist in other mammals, such as sirenians and cetaceans, though they are inactivated in these two clades. Manatees, which are sirenians, retain some functional CASP14 genes.[8]
The CASP14 gene encodes a member of the cysteine-aspartic acid protease (caspase) family. Sequential activation of caspases plays a central role in the execution-phase of cell apoptosis. Caspases exist as inactive proenzymes which undergo proteolytic processing at conserved aspartic residues to produce two subunits, large and small, that dimerize to form the active enzyme. This caspase has been shown to be processed and activated by caspase 8 and caspase 10 in vitro, and by anti-Fas agonist antibody or TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand in vivo. The expression and processing of this caspase may be involved in keratinocyte terminal differentiation, which is important for the formation of the skin barrier.[7]
According to the Human Protein Atlas,[9] the CASP14 protein is enriched in human skin and mainly expressed in the upper layers of the epidermis. The protein is mainly localised to the cytosol according to the Cell Atlas.[10]
References
- GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000105141 – Ensembl, May 2017
- GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000005355 – Ensembl, May 2017
- "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- Van de Craen M, Van Loo G, Pype S, Van Criekinge W, Van den brande I, Molemans F, et al. (May 1999). "Identification of a new caspase homologue: caspase-14". Cell Death and Differentiation. 5 (10): 838–846. doi:10.1038/sj.cdd.4400444. PMID 10203698.
- Hu S, Snipas SJ, Vincenz C, Salvesen G, Dixit VM (December 1998). "Caspase-14 is a novel developmentally regulated protease". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 273 (45): 29648–29653. doi:10.1074/jbc.273.45.29648. PMID 9792675.
- "Entrez Gene: CASP14 caspase 14, apoptosis-related cysteine peptidase".
- Steinbinder J, Sachslehner AP, Holthaus KB, Eckhart L (April 2024). "Comparative genomics of sirenians reveals evolution of filaggrin and caspase-14 upon adaptation of the epidermis to aquatic life". Scientific Reports. 14 (1) 9278. Bibcode:2024NatSR..14.9278S. doi:10.1038/s41598-024-60099-2. PMC 11039687. PMID 38653760.
- Uhlén M, Fagerberg L, Hallström BM, Lindskog C, Oksvold P, Mardinoglu A, et al. (January 2015). "Proteomics. Tissue-based map of the human proteome". Science. 347 (6220) 1260419. doi:10.1126/science.1260419. PMID 25613900. S2CID 802377.
- Thul PJ, Åkesson L, Wiking M, Mahdessian D, Geladaki A, Ait Blal H, et al. (May 2017). "A subcellular map of the human proteome". Science. 356 (6340) eaal3321. doi:10.1126/science.aal3321. PMID 28495876. S2CID 10744558.
Further reading
- Rasmussen HH, van Damme J, Puype M, Gesser B, Celis JE, Vandekerckhove J (December 1992). "Microsequences of 145 proteins recorded in the two-dimensional gel protein database of normal human epidermal keratinocytes". Electrophoresis. 13 (12): 960–969. doi:10.1002/elps.11501301199. PMID 1286667. S2CID 41855774.
- Ahmad M, Srinivasula SM, Hegde R, Mukattash R, Fernandes-Alnemri T, Alnemri ES (November 1998). "Identification and characterization of murine caspase-14, a new member of the caspase family". Cancer Research. 58 (22): 5201–5205. PMID 9823333.
- Eckhart L, Ban J, Fischer H, Tschachler E (2000). "Caspase-14: analysis of gene structure and mRNA expression during keratinocyte differentiation". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 277 (3): 655–659. Bibcode:2000BBRC..277..655E. doi:10.1006/bbrc.2000.3698. PMID 11062009.
- Eckhart L, Declercq W, Ban J, Rendl M, Lengauer B, Mayer C, et al. (December 2000). "Terminal differentiation of human keratinocytes and stratum corneum formation is associated with caspase-14 activation". The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 115 (6): 1148–1151. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1747.2000.00205.x. PMID 11121154.
- Lippens S, Kockx M, Knaapen M, Mortier L, Polakowska R, Verheyen A, et al. (December 2000). "Epidermal differentiation does not involve the pro-apoptotic executioner caspases, but is associated with caspase-14 induction and processing". Cell Death and Differentiation. 7 (12): 1218–1224. doi:10.1038/sj.cdd.4400785. PMID 11175259.
- Pistritto G, Jost M, Srinivasula SM, Baffa R, Poyet JL, Kari C, et al. (September 2002). "Expression and transcriptional regulation of caspase-14 in simple and complex epithelia". Cell Death and Differentiation. 9 (9): 995–1006. doi:10.1038/sj.cdd.4401061. PMID 12181750. S2CID 23933663.
- Chien AJ, Presland RB, Kuechle MK (2002). "Processing of native caspase-14 occurs at an atypical cleavage site in normal epidermal differentiation". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 296 (4): 911–917. Bibcode:2002BBRC..296..911C. doi:10.1016/S0006-291X(02)02015-6. PMID 12200134.
- Rendl M, Ban J, Mrass P, Mayer C, Lengauer B, Eckhart L, et al. (November 2002). "Caspase-14 expression by epidermal keratinocytes is regulated by retinoids in a differentiation-associated manner". The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 119 (5): 1150–1155. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1747.2002.19532.x. PMID 12445205.
- Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, Derge JG, Klausner RD, Collins FS, et al. (December 2002). "Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 99 (26): 16899–16903. Bibcode:2002PNAS...9916899M. doi:10.1073/pnas.242603899. PMC 139241. PMID 12477932.
- Lippens S, Kockx M, Denecker G, Knaapen M, Verheyen A, Christiaen R, et al. (September 2004). "Vitamin D3 induces caspase-14 expression in psoriatic lesions and enhances caspase-14 processing in organotypic skin cultures". The American Journal of Pathology. 165 (3): 833–841. doi:10.1016/s0002-9440(10)63346-9. PMC 1618612. PMID 15331408.
- Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, Shenmen CM, Grouse LH, Schuler G, et al. (October 2004). "The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC)". Genome Research. 14 (10B): 2121–2127. doi:10.1101/gr.2596504. PMC 528928. PMID 15489334.
- Walsh DS, Borke JL, Singh BB, Do NN, Hsu SD, Balagon MV, et al. (January 2005). "Psoriasis is characterized by altered epidermal expression of caspase 14, a novel regulator of keratinocyte terminal differentiation and barrier formation". Journal of Dermatological Science. 37 (1): 61–63. doi:10.1016/j.jdermsci.2004.10.003. PMID 15619438.
- Koenig U, Sommergruber W, Lippens S (2005). "Aberrant expression of caspase-14 in epithelial tumors". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 335 (2): 309–313. Bibcode:2005BBRC..335..309K. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.07.072. PMID 16061209.
- Krajewska M, Kim H, Shin E, Kennedy S, Duffy MJ, Wong YF, et al. (August 2005). "Tumor-associated alterations in caspase-14 expression in epithelial malignancies". Clinical Cancer Research. 11 (15): 5462–5471. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-04-2527. PMID 16061862.
- Kam DW, Charles AK, Dharmarajan AM (2005). "Caspase-14 expression in the human placenta". Reproductive Biomedicine Online. 11 (2): 236–243. doi:10.1016/S1472-6483(10)60964-9. PMID 16168224.
- Park K, Kuechle MK, Choe Y, Craik CS, Lawrence OT, Presland RB (September 2006). "Expression and characterization of constitutively active human caspase-14". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 347 (4): 941–948. Bibcode:2006BBRC..347..941P. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.06.156. PMID 16854378.
- White L, Dharmarajan A, Charles A (2007). "Caspase-14: a new player in cytotrophoblast differentiation". Reproductive Biomedicine Online. 14 (3): 300–307. doi:10.1016/S1472-6483(10)60871-1. PMID 17359582.
- Hsu S, Qin H, Dickinson D, Xie D, Bollag WB, Stoppler H, et al. (2007). "Expression of caspase-14 reduces tumorigenicity of skin cancer cells". In Vivo. 21 (2): 279–283. PMID 17436577.
