Cebu City Council

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Cebu City Council

Sangguniang Panlungsod ng Cebu
17th Sangguniang Panlungsod ng Cebu
Coat of arms or logo
Seal of the City Council of Cebu
Type
Type
Term limits
3 terms (9 years)
History
FoundedFebruary 24, 1937
Leadership
Vice Mayor and Presiding Officer
Presiding Officer pro tempore
Philip Zafra (Lakas)
Majority Leader
Dave Tumulak (Aksyon)
Minority Leader
Sisinio Andales (Liberal)
Structure
Seats
Political groups
Majority bloc (12):

Minority bloc (6):

Length of term
3 years
Authority
Elections
Last election
May 12, 2025
Next election
May 8, 2028
Meeting place
  • Doña Eva Macaraeg-Macapagal Session Hall
  • 4th Floor, Legislative Building
  • Cebu City Hall
Website
https://www.cebucity.gov.ph

The Cebu City Council (Filipino: Sangguniang Panlungsod ng Cebu) is the legislature of Cebu City, Philippines. The legislative body is composed of 18 councilors, with 16 councilors elected from Cebu City's two councilor districts[1] and two elected from the ranks of barangay (neighborhood) chairmen and the Sangguniang Kabataan (youth councils).[2] The council's presiding officer is the vice-mayor (elected by the city).[3] The council is responsible for creating laws and ordinances under the jurisdiction of Cebu City.[3][4] Although the mayor can veto proposed bills, the council can override the veto with a two-thirds supermajority.[2]

History

In 1937, four municipalities (including Cebu) were officially converted into cities. With the largest population and number of registered voters at the time, Cebu City was allocated eight members for its city council. On February 24, 1937, at the promulgation of the Cebu City charter, the eight inaugural members of the council were sworn in: Jose P. Nolasco, Dominador Abella, Diego Cañizares, Leandro Tojong, Manuel Roa, Felipe Pacaña, Regino Mercado and Jose Fortich.[5]

On December 10, 1940, eight members were elected to the council: Leandro A. Tojong, Juan Zamora, Honorato S. Hermosisima, Florencio Urot, Florentino D. Tecson, Ramon U. Abellanosa, Cecilio dela Victoria, and Numeriano Estenzo. Their election was confirmed in Executive Order No. 315, s. 1940, signed on December 28, 1940, by President Manuel Quezon.[6][7]

The post-war city council was convened on July 1, 1945, and was composed of Honorato S. Hermosisima, Cecilio dela Victoria, Florencio S. Urot, Numeriano G. Estenzo, Eugenio G. Corro, Canuto O. Borromeo, Alfonso S. Frias and Miguel Sanson. On July 5, 1945, Cebu City Ordinance No. 1, "An Ordinance regulating the establishment and maintenance of cockpits in the City of Cebu", was passed; the city's first ordinance, it was also the first cockpit ordinance in the Philippines and was authored by Councilor Cecilio dela Victoria.[8] Another ordinance was Cebu City Ordinance No. 4, "An Ordinance Appropriating Funds for the necessary expenses of the Government of the City of Cebu during the period from July first Nineteen Hundred Forty-Five to September Thirtieth Nineteen Hundred Forty-Five, and for other purposes". In this appropriation ordinance, the total per diems for the eight council members was ₱2,680.[9]

Seat

Legislative building of the Cebu City Hall

The council sits at Cebu City Hall, meeting in the Doña Eva Macaraeg-Macapagal Session Hall of the Cebu City Legislative Building (CCLB). The renovated CCLB was inaugurated on July 24, 2008, by President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, assisted by Cebu City Mayor Tomas Osmeña and Vice Mayor Michael Rama. Renovations cost ₱120 million, of which ₱15 million came from the Philippine Tourism Authority (now TIEZA).[10]

The session hall was named for Eva Macaraeg-Macapagal, the mother of former President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, second wife of former President Diosdado Macapagal, and ninth First Lady of the Philippines.[11]

During its September 3, 2019, session, the city council approved an ordinance institutionalizing the conduct of regular and special sessions outside of its current session hall. These sessions would also be aired live on the official Facebook page of the Cebu City's Public Information Office (PIO).[12][13]

Membership and organization

Each of Cebu City's two congressional districts elects eight members of the council. In plurality-at-large voting, a voter may vote for up to eight candidates, and the candidates with the eight highest numbers of votes are elected.[1] Regular elections to the city council are synchronized with other national and elections in the country, which have been held on the second Monday of May every third year since 1992.[14]

Punong Barangays and Sangguniang Kabataan (SK) Chairpersons from each of the city's 80 barangays, through the Cebu City chapters of the Liga ng mga Barangay (LnB) and SK Federation, respectively, each elect an ex officio representative to the council separately from the regular local elections, bringing the council's total membership to 18. The current term of Barangay and SK officials is set to expire on December 1, 2026.[15]

The vice mayor presides over sessions of the city council and can only vote in the event of a tie, with the presiding officer pro tempore substituting when the vice mayor yields the chair to participate in council debates, and the next highest-ranked councilor (starting with the first-ranked) taking over as acting vice mayor during the vice mayor's absences. The vice mayor also serves as the council's chief administrative officer, appointing and overseeing the council's employees. The majority and minority leaders lead their respective council blocs, with the majority bloc deciding the leadership of council committees.[16]

Each councilor has their own office and staff. The administrative and operational work of the council as a whole is assisted by a secretariat led by the nonvoting Secretary to the Sangguniang Panlungsod, who is appointed by the vice mayor.

Leadership

Vice Mayor Tomas Osmeña presiding over the Cebu City Council on July 8, 2025
Position Officer Party
Presiding officer Vice Mayor Tomas R. Osmeña BOPK
Presiding officer pro tempore Philip S. Zafra BARUG
Majority leader David "Dave" F. Tumulak KUSUG
1st assistant majority leader Joel C. Garganera KUSUG
2nd assistant majority leader Pancrasio "Francis" I. Esparis BARUG
Minority leader Sisinio "Bebs" M. Andales BOPK
Assistant minority leader Alvin B. Arcilla BOPK
Secretary[a] Charisse L. Piramide Nonpartisan
  1. Appointed by the vice mayor from the city's employees

Members (2025–2028)

Councilor Party District Terms Bloc
Local National No. Started Ends
Abella-Cellona, Michelle E. BOPK Liberal South 1st June 30, 2025 June 30, 2028 Minority
Abellanosa, Jose Lorenzo R. BOPK Liberal South 2nd June 30, 2025 June 30, 2028 Minority
Alcover, Pastor Jr. M. KUSUG PFP North 2nd June 30, 2025 June 30, 2028 Majority
Andales, Sisinio "Bebs" M. BOPK Liberal North 1st June 30, 2025 June 30, 2028 Minority
Archival, Nyza "Nice" C. BOPK Liberal North 1st June 30, 2025 June 30, 2028 Minority
Arcilla, Alvin B. BOPK Liberal North 1st June 30, 2025 June 30, 2028 Minority
Eran, Harry R. BARUG Lakas–CMD South 1st June 30, 2025 June 30, 2028 Majority
Esparis, Pancrasio "Francis" I. BARUG Lakas–CMD South 2nd June 30, 2025 June 30, 2028 Majority
Garganera, Joel C. KUSUG PFP North 4th[a] June 30, 2025 June 30, 2028 Majority
Go, Harold Kendrick Y. KUSUG PFP North 1st June 30, 2025 June 30, 2028 Majority
Labella, Edgardo II "Jaypee" N. KUSUG PFP North 2nd June 30, 2025 June 30, 2028 Majority
Labra, Pablo II "Paul" G. BOPK Liberal South 1st June 30, 2025 June 30, 2028 Minority
Pepito, Winston C. KUSUG PFP North 1st June 30, 2025 June 30, 2028 Majority
Rama, Mikel F. BARUG PDP South 1st June 30, 2025 June 30, 2028 Majority
Tumulak, David "Dave" F. KUSUG Aksyon South 1st June 30, 2025 June 30, 2028 Majority
Zafra, Phillip S. BARUG Lakas–CMD South 3rd June 30, 2025 June 30, 2028 Majority
Ong, Franklyn O.
(Barangay Kasambagan)		 Nonpartisan, allied with BARUG[b] LNB[c] 2nd[d] July 30, 2018 December 1, 2026[15] Majority
Jakosalem, Rhea Mae P.
(Barangay Pari-an)		 Nonpartisan, allied with BARUG[e] SK[f] 1st[g] November 30, 2023[h] December 1, 2026[15] Majority
Summary by party (local)
PartyTotal%
BOPK 6 33.3%
KUSUG 6 33.3%
BARUG 4 22.2%
Nonpartisan 2 11.1%
Total 18 100.0%
Summary (local)
Presiding officer
Seats12345678
1st (North)
2nd (South)
Ex officio
Notes
  1. Garganera ran for Councilor in 2025, arguing that the 15-day delay in his proclamation after winning his second consecutive term in 2019 constituted an interruption to the three-term limit. He is currently facing legal challenges from an April 3, 2025 petition seeking to declare Garganera's 2025 candidacy and victory in violation of the three-term limit under the 1987 Constitution and the Local Government Code.[17]
  2. Despite being officially nonpartisan as a barangay official, Ong has been allied with BARUG since his transfer from BOPK in 2024.
  3. The President of the Liga ng mga Barangay (LNB, also known as the Association of Barangay Councils or ABC) in Cebu City is an ex-officio member of the Sangguniang Panlungsod.
  4. The LnB President's terms depend on the elections and term limits for Barangay and SK officials, rather than on the local elections. Despite the new membership of the rest of the council, the 2025 local elections do not count as a new term for its two ex-officio members; Ong was first elected LnB President in 2018 and re-elected following the 2023 Barangay and SK Elections, and is thus counted as being on his second term despite serving on what would be his fourth council.
  5. Despite being officially nonpartisan as an SK official, Jakosalem has been allied with BARUG since her election in 2023.
  6. The President of the Sangguniang Kabataan Federation (SKF) in Cebu City is an ex-officio member of the Sangguniang Panlungsod.
  7. The SK Federation President's terms depend on the elections and term limits for Barangay and SK officials, rather than on the local elections. Despite the new membership of the rest of the council, the 2025 local elections do not count as a new term for its two ex-officio members, hence Jakosalem still serving her first term in the new council.
  8. Succeeded Jessica Resch whose term concluded on November 30, 2023, following the 2023 Philippine barangay and Sangguniang Kabataan elections. She was elected as the president of the Sangguniang Kabataan Federation (SKF) in Cebu City on November 14, 2023.[18]

Blocs

The council is divided into the majority and minority blocs.[19] Since July 8, 2025, the majority bloc is composed of councilors who won in the 2025 elections under KUSUG (with PFP and Aksyon as their national parties) and BARUG (with PDP and Lakas). The minority bloc is composed of councilors aligned with BOPK–LP.[20][21][22]

2017 definition of simple majority

In an omnibus resolution, Majority Floor Leader James Anthony Cuenco and the BARUG Team Rama council members moved to declare all positions in the Council vacant (including the presiding officer pro tempore, majority floor leader, 1st assistant majority floor leader, 2nd assistant majority floor leader and the chairs and members of all standing and ad hoc committees) on June 20, 2017. This was in response to the change in affiliation of BARUG Team Rama councilors David Tumulak, Nendell Hanz Abella, and Jerry Guardo to BOPK, making it the council's majority bloc.[23] For several weeks, no committee chairs were elected because of disagreements about what constituted a simple majority. The presiding officer, Vice Mayor Edgardo Labella, met with Councilors Margarita Osmeña and James Anthony Cuenco and they agreed to seek the opinion of the Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG).[24]

July 24, 2017, DILG opinion stated that the City Council presiding officer should not be included in the count determining the council's majority bloc, citing the August 3, 2016 Supreme Court ruling in Tobias Javier vs. Rhodora Cadiao, et al.: "The Vice Governor, as the Presiding Officer, shall be considered a part of the SP for purposes of ascertaining if a quorum exists. In determining the number which constitutes the majority vote, the Vice Governor is excluded. The Vice Governor's right to vote is merely contingent and arises only when there is a tie to break." The vice governor is the presiding officer of a provincial board, and the vice mayor is the presiding officer of a city (or municipal) council.[16]

Powers, duties, and functions

The council, as the city's legislative body, is mandated by the Local Government Code of 1991 to enact ordinances; approve resolutions; appropriate funds for the welfare of the city and its inhabitants (pursuant to Section 16 of the Local Government Code), and ensure the proper exercise of the city's corporate powers (as provided under Section 22 of the Local Government Code). It has the following duties and functions:[2]

  • Approving ordinances and passing resolutions necessary for an efficient and effective city government;
  • Generating and maximizing the use of resources and revenue for the city's development plans, program objectives and priorities as provided for under Section 18 of the Local Government Code, with particular attention to agricultural and industrial development and citywide growth and progress;
  • Enacting ordinances granting franchises and authorizing the issuance of permits or licenses, subject to Book II of the Local Government Code;
  • Regulating activities related to land use, buildings, and other structures in the city to promote the general welfare of its inhabitants;
  • Approving ordinances which ensure the efficient delivery of basic services and facilities as provided under Section 17 of the Local Government Code; and
  • Exercising other powers and performing other duties and functions as prescribed by law.

Committees

2025–present

There are currently 27 standing committees as of July 8, 2025:[25]

Committee Party Chair Bloc
Local National
Agriculture and Rural Development KUSUG PFP Jun Alcover Jr. Majority
Animal Welfare BARUG Lakas–CMD Philip Zafra Majority
Barangay Affairs Nonpartisan Franklyn Ong (LnB) Majority
Budget and Finance KUSUG Aksyon Dave Tumulak Majority
Disaster Risk Reduction Management, Safety and Climate Change Adaptation KUSUG Aksyon Dave Tumulak Majority
Education, Science and Technology BOPK Liberal Vice Mayor Tomas Osmeña Minority
Environmental Natural Resources, Energy and Other Utilities KUSUG PFP Joel Garganera Majority
Games and Amusements KUSUG PFP Jun Alcover Jr. Majority
Health, Hospital Services and Sanitation BOPK Liberal Michelle Abella Minority
House Rules and Oversight BARUG Lakas–CMD Philip Zafra Majority
Housing BARUG PDP Mikel Rama Majority
Information and Communications Technology KUSUG PFP Edgardo Labella II Majority
Infrastructure KUSUG PFP Edgardo Labella II Majority
Labor, Employment, Cooperative and Livelihood BARUG PDP Mikel Rama Majority
Laws, Ordinances and Styling BARUG PDP Mikel Rama Majority
Markets KUSUG PFP Jun Alcover Jr. Majority
Public Order BARUG Lakas–CMD Phillip Zafra Majority
Public Services BOPK Liberal Paul Labra II Minority
Scholarship Program KUSUG PFP Winston Pepito Majority
Sister Cities Relations and Big Brother Program BOPK Liberal Nyza Archival Minority
Social Services BARUG Lakas–CMD Pancrasio Esparis Majority
Tourism, Arts and Culture BOPK Liberal Nyza Archival Minority
Trade, Commerce and Entrepreneurship KUSUG PFP Harold Go Majority
Transportation and Communication KUSUG PFP Winston Pepito Majority
Urban Planning KUSUG PFP Harold Go Majority
Women, LGBTQ and Family Affairs KUSUG PFP Winston Pepito Majority
Youth and Sports Development Nonpartisan Rhea Mae Jakosalem (SK) Majority

2020–2022

New officers were elected on July 29, 2020. Ad hoc committees for the Cebu City Medical Center and for the online session were also created.[26][27]

CommitteePartyChairBloc
Agriculture and Rural Development PDP–LabanRaymond Alvin GarciaMajority
Barangay Affairs NonpartisanFranklyn OngMinority
Budget and Finance PDP–LabanRaymond Alvin GarciaMajority
Cebu City Medical Center (Ad hoc) UNAVice Mayor Michael RamaMajority
Disaster Risk Reduction Management, Safety and Climate Change Adaptation NacionalistaDavid TumulakMajority
Education, Science and Technology UNAVice Mayor Michael RamaMajority
Environment and Natural Resources PDP–LabanJoel GarganeraMajority
Games and Amusements PDP–LabanDonaldo HontiverosMajority
Health, Hospital Services and Sanitation UNAVice Mayor Michael RamaMajority
House Rules and Oversight PDP–LabanPhillip ZafraMajority
Housing PDP–LabanRaymond Alvin GarciaMajority
Information and Communications Technology PDP–LabanEduardo Rama Jr.Majority
Infrastructure LDPJerry GuardoMajority
Labor, Employment, Cooperative and Livelihood PDP–LabanPrisca Niña MabatidMajority
Laws, Ordinances and Styling PDP–LabanRaymond Alvin GarciaMajority
Markets PDP–LabanRenato Osmeña Jr.Majority
Online Session (Ad hoc) TBDTBD
Public Order PDP–LabanPhillip ZafraMajority
Public Services PDP–LabanEduardo Rama Jr.Majority
Scholarship Program PDP–LabanDonaldo HontiverosMajority
Sister Cities Relations and Big Brother Program PDP–LabanRaymond Alvin GarciaMajority
Social Services PDP–LabanEduardo Rama Jr.Majority
Tourism, Arts and Culture PDP–LabanPrisca Niña MabatidMajority
Trade, Commerce and Entrepreneurship PDP–LabanRenato Osmeña Jr.Majority
Transportation, Communication, Energy and Other Utilities PDP–LabanJames Anthony Cuenco[28]Majority
Urban Planning PDP–LabanJoel GarganeraMajority
Women and Family Affairs PDP–LabanPrisca Niña MabatidMajority
Youth and Sports Development NonpartisanJessica ReschMinority

2019–2020

There were 26 standing committees as of July 14, 2019:[29][30]

CommitteePartyChairBloc[31][32]
Agriculture and Rural Development PDP–LabanRaymond Alvin GarciaMajority
Barangay Affairs NonpartisanFranklyn OngMinority
Budget and Finance PDP–LabanRaymond Alvin GarciaMajority
Disaster Risk Reduction Management, Safety and Climate Change Adaptation NacionalistaDavid TumulakMajority
Education, Science and Technology PDP–LabanVacant[33]
Environment and Natural Resources UNAVice Mayor Michael RamaMajority
Games and Amusements PDP–LabanDonaldo HontiverosMajority
Health, Hospital Services and Sanitation UNAVice Mayor Michael RamaMajority
House Rules and Oversight PDP–LabanPhillip ZafraMajority
Housing PDP–LabanRaymond Alvin GarciaMajority
Information and Communications Technology PDP–LabanEduardo Rama Jr.Majority
Infrastructure LDPJerry GuardoMajority
Labor, Employment, Cooperative and Livelihood LDPJerry GuardoMajority
Laws, Ordinances and Styling PDP–LabanRaymond Alvin GarciaMajority
Markets PDP–LabanRenato Osmeña Jr.Majority
PAGCOR Funds and Gaming Licenses (Ad hoc) PDP–LabanRenato Osmeña Jr.Majority
Public Order PDP–LabanPhillip ZafraMajority
Public Services PDP–LabanEduardo Rama Jr.Majority
Scholarship Program PDP–LabanDonaldo HontiverosMajority
Sister Cities Relations and Big Brother Program UNAVice Mayor Michael RamaMajority
Social Services PDP–LabanEduardo Rama Jr.Majority
Tourism, Arts and Culture UNAVice Mayor Michael RamaMajority
Trade, Commerce and Entrepreneurship PDP–LabanRenato Osmeña Jr.Majority
Transportation, Communication, Energy and Other Utilities PDP–LabanVacant[33]
Urban Planning PDP–LabanPhillip ZafraMajority
Women and Family Affairs PDP–LabanPrisca Niña MabatidMajority
Youth and Sports Development NonpartisanJessica ReschMinority

Past councils

2022–2025, 16th SP

Members of the 16th Sangguniang Panlungsod (2022–2025)[19]
Councilor Party District Terms Bloc
Local National No. Started Ends
Abellanosa, Jose Lorenzo R. BOPK LDP South 1st June 30, 2022 June 30, 2025 Minority
Alcover, Pastor Jr. M. BARUG PDP North 1 June 30, 2022 June 30, 2025 Majority
Archival, Nestor D. BOPK LDP North 2 June 30, 2019 June 30, 2025 Minority
Cuenco, James Anthony R. BARUG PDP[34][19] South 1 September 15, 2020 [a] June 30, 2025 Majority
Delos Santos, Mary Ann C. BOPK LDP North 1 June 30, 2022 June 30, 2025 Minority
Esparis, Pancrasio I. BARUG PDP South 1 June 30, 2022 June 30, 2025 Majority
Garganera, Joel C. BARUG Independent[19][b][b] North 3 June 30, 2016 June 30, 2025 Majority
Gealon, Rey M. BARUG PDP South 1 June 30, 2022 June 30, 2025 Majority
Guardo, Jerry L. BARUG PDP North 3 June 30, 2016 June 30, 2025 Majority
Hontiveros, Donaldo C. BARUG Independent[19][b] South 1st June 30, 2022 June 30, 2025 Majority
Labella, Edgardo II N. BARUG PDP North 1st June 30, 2022 June 30, 2025 Majority
Osmeña, Renato Jr. Z. BARUG PDP South 2nd December 6, 2017[c] June 30, 2025 Majority
Pesquera, Jocelyn G. BARUG PDP South 1 February 10, 2022[d] June 30, 2025 Majority
Wenceslao, Noel Eleuterio G. BARUG PDP North 1st June 30, 2022 June 30, 2025 Majority
Young, Joy Augustus G. BOPK LDP North 3rd June 30, 2016 June 30, 2025 Minority
Zafra, Phillip S. BARUG Independent[19][b] South 2nd June 30, 2019 June 30, 2025 Majority
Ong, Franklyn O. Nonpartisan, allied with BARUG[e] LNB[f] 1st July 30, 2018 December 1, 2026[15] Minority
Jakosalem, Rhea Mae P. Nonpartisan, allied with BARUG[g] SK[h] 1st November 30, 2023[i] December 1, 2026[15]
Summary by party (national)
PartyTotal%
PDP950%
LDP422.2%
Independent[b]316.7%
Nonpartisan211.1%
Total18100%
Summary (national)
Presiding officer
Seats12345678
1st (North)
2nd (South)
Ex officio
Summary by party (local)
PartyTotal%
Partido Barug950%
BOPK422.2%
Independent[b]316.7%
Nonpartisan211.1%
Total18100%
Summary (local)
Presiding officer
Seats12345678
1st (North)
2nd (South)
Ex officio
Notes
  1. Councilor James Anthony Cuenco was nominated to succeed his father, Antonio Cuenco, who died on June 27, 2020.[35]
  2. Councilors Garganera, Hontiveros, and Zafra ran as independents but are allied with BARUG.[36][37]
  3. Osmeña was appointed by President Rodrigo Duterte to finish Councilor Nendell Hanz Abella's term when Abella was appointed as a commissioner representing the workers' sector of the seventh division of the National Labor Relations Commission (NLRC).[38][39][40]
  4. Pesquera was named as the replacement of Councilor Donaldo Hontiveros as the latter became vice mayor.[41][42][43]
  5. Despite being officially nonpartisan as a barangay official, Ong has been allied with BARUG since his transfer from BOPK in 2024.
  6. The President of the Liga ng mga Barangay (LNB, also known as the Association of Barangay Councils or ABC) in Cebu City is an ex-officio member of the Sangguniang Panlungsod.
  7. Despite being officially nonpartisan as an SK official, Jakosalem has been allied with BARUG since her election in 2023.
  8. The President of the Sangguniang Kabataan Federation (SKF) in Cebu City is an ex-officio member of the Sangguniang Panlungsod.
  9. Succeeded Jessica Resch whose term concluded on November 30, 2023, following the 2023 Philippine barangay and Sangguniang Kabataan elections. She was elected as the president of the Sangguniang Kabataan Federation (SKF) in Cebu City on November 14, 2023.[18]

2019-2022, 15th SP

Donaldo "Dondon" C. Hontiveros, presiding officer of 15th Sangguniang Panlungsod after Rama ascended to mayor in 2021

Majority of the councilors in the 15th council came from BARUG.[44]

  • Michael L. Rama (presiding officer; assumed by Donaldo Hontiveros on November 20, 2021)
  • Nestor D. Archival (BOPK)
  • James Anthony R. Cuenco (BARUG)
  • Alvin M. Dizon (BOPK)
  • Eugenio "Jun" F. Gabuya Jr. (BOPK)
  • Raymond Alvin N. Garcia (BARUG)
  • Joel C. Garganera (BARUG)
  • Jerry L. Guardo (ran under BOPK, moved to BARUG in Jun. 2019)
  • Donaldo "Dondon" C. Hontiveros (BARUG)
  • Lea Ouano-Japson (BOPK)
  • Prisca Niña O. Mabatid (BARUG)
  • Renato Z. Osmeña Jr. (BARUG)
  • Jocelyn G. Pesquera (BARUG)
  • Eduardo R. Rama Jr. (BARUG)
  • David F. Tumulak (ran under BOPK, moved to BARUG in Jun. 2019)
  • Joy Augustus G. Young (BOPK)
  • Phillip S. Zafra (BARUG)
  • Franklyn O. Ong (LnB)
  • Jessica P. Resch (SK)

2016-2019, 14th SP

Edgardo Labella, presiding officer of 13th & 14th Sangguniang Panlungsod

Sixty-seven ordinances and over 4,600 resolutions were passed by the 14th council from 2016 to 2019. Eugenio Gabuya, Jr. had the largest number of approved ordinances of the 18 city legislators, and Margarita V. Osmeña had the largest number of approved resolutions. Sisinio Andales had perfect attendance during the council's 116 regular sessions.[45]

  • Edgardo C. Labella (presiding officer, BARUG)
  • Alvin B. Arcilla (BOPK)
  • Mary Ann C. De Los Santos (BOPK)
  • Sisinio "Bebs" M. Andales (BOPK)
  • Joy Augustus G. Young (BOPK)
  • Jerry L. Guardo
  • Raymond Alvin N. Garcia (BARUG)
  • Pastor M. Alcover Jr. (BARUG)
  • Joel C. Garganera (BARUG)
  • David F. Tumulak (ran under BARUG, moved to BOPK in Aug. 2016)
  • Margarita V. Osmeña (BOPK)
  • Eduardo R. Rama Jr. (BARUG)
  • Jose "Joey" C. Daluz III (BARUG)
  • Nendell Hanz L. Abella (BARUG, replaced by Renato Osmeña, Jr. after his appointment to the NLRC)[38]
  • Eugenio "Jun" F. Gabuya Jr. (BOPK)
  • James Anthony R. Cuenco (replaced by Erik Miguel Espina after his dismissal from service)[46]
  • Jocelyn G. Pesquera (BARUG)
  • Phillip S. Zafra (LNB)

2013-2016, 13th SP

On May 17, 2016, the Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG) served a six-month preventive suspension order against Cebu City Mayor Michael Rama, Vice Mayor Edgardo Labella and 12 councilors for "grave abuse of authority."[47] They allegedly received a ₱20,000 calamity fund, although they had not suffered in Super Typhoon Yolanda and the magnitude 7.2 earthquake which struck Cebu in 2013. Not included in the suspension order were Councilors Margarita Osmeña, Lea Ouano-Japson, Richard Osmeña, James Anthony Cuenco and Philip Zafra. Osmeña temporarily served as acting mayor and Japson as acting vice-mayor until June 30, 2016.[47]

  • Edgardo C. Labella (presiding officer, Team Rama; succeeded during suspension by Lea Ouano-Japson on May 17, 2016)
  • Nestor D. Archival
  • Mary Ann C. De Los Santos (Team Rama)
  • Alvin B. Arcilla (BOPK)
  • Sisinio "Bebs" M. Andales (BOPK)
  • Lea Ouano-Japson (BOPK)
  • Alvin M. Dizon (BOPK)
  • Ma. Nida C. Cabrera (BOPK)
  • Noel E. Wenceslao (Team Rama)
  • Margarita V. Osmeña (BOPK)
  • Gerardo A. Carillo (Team Rama)
  • Eugenio "Jun" F. Gabuya Jr. (BOPK)
  • David F. Tumulak
  • Roberto "Bobcab" A. Cabarrubias (BOPK)
  • James Anthony R. Cuenco
  • Nendell Hanz L. Abella
  • Richard Z. Osmeña
  • Phillip S. Zafra (LNB)
  • John Philip E. Po II (SK)

2010-2013, 12th SP

The 12th council conducted its first regular offsite sessions in Barangays Bonbon, Guba and Luz on October 12 and 26, 2011 and August 15, 2012, respectively.[48] The council went paperless on July 20, 2011, with councilors using their laptops (their own or issued by the city) for the regular session; this maintained the city's environmentally-friendly stance and saved money.[49]

Notable ordinances passed by the council included City Ordinances No. 2339, which prohibited discrimination in the city on the basis of disability, age, health status, sexual orientation, gender identity, ethnicity or religion;[50][51] No. 2343, which phased out single-use plastic products in the city[52] and No. 2326, giving the elderly and people with disabilities free parking in malls, hospitals and other establishments.[53]

All elected officials of the City Council for this term were elected members of BOPK, with several leaving for Team Rama (later BARUG) following Mayor Mike Rama's defection from BOPK.[54][55]

2007–2010, 11th SP

Michael Rama, presiding officer of 9th, 10th, 11th & 15th Sangguniang Panlungsod

The 11th council received two Local Legislative Awards in the Highly Urbanized or Independent Component Cities category for the substance of enacted legislation, efficiency of its records staff, completeness of the Agenda, Journals, and Minutes Division and the availability of facilities and amenities in the session hall.[56]

All elected officials of the city council for this term were members of BOPK.[57]

2004-2007, 10th SP

All elected officials of the city council for this term were members of BOPK.[60][61]

2001-2004, 9th SP

Following Mayor Alvin Garcia's defection from BOPK to form Kugi Uswag Sugbo (KUSUG), BOPK retained a council majority in the 2001 Cebu City local elections of 11 seats, with the other 5 seats going to KUSUG.[62] This council passed City Ordinance No. 1969, defining the guidelines for the selection of beneficiaries of socialized housing, on August 27, 2003.[63]

  • Michael L. Rama (presiding officer, BOPK)
  • Nestor D. Archival (BOPK)
  • Christopher I. Alix (BOPK)
  • Carmelita L. Piramide (KUSUG)
  • Danilo M. Fernan (KUSUG)
  • Sylvan "Jack" B. Jakosalem (BOPK) (1964-2021)[58]
  • Dana R. Sesante (KUSUG)
  • Vicente Kintanar Jr. (BOPK)
  • Manuel "Maning" P. Legaspi (BOPK) (1949-2026)
  • Jocelyn G. Pesquera (BOPK)
  • Procopio E. Fernandez (BOPK)
  • Eugenio "Jun" F. Gabuya Jr. (KUSUG)
  • Gerardo A. Carillo (BOPK)
  • Arsenio "Pax" C. Pacaña (BOPK)
  • George R. Rama (BOPK)
  • Gabriel V. Leyson (BOPK)
  • Firmo S. Dayao (KUSUG, resigned Sep. 26, 2001)[64]
  • Jose Navarro (LNB until 2002)
  • Eugenio Faelnar Jr. (LNB 2002–2004)
  • Glena Bontuyan (SK)

1998-2001, 8th SP

City Ordinance No. 1726, establishing the Cebu City Commission for the Welfare and Protection of Children, was passed by this council.[65] All elected officials of the city council for this term were members of BOPK.[66]

  • Renato V. Osmeña (presiding officer)
  • Franklin N. Seno (president pro tempore)
  • Michael L. Rama (majority floor leader)
  • Rogelio V. Osmeña (assistant majority floor leader)
  • Ronald R. Cuenco
  • Firmo S. Dayao (KUSUG)
  • Ernesto A. Elizondo
  • Rodolfo Y. Estella
  • Procopio E. Fernandez
  • Eugenio "Jun" F. Gabuya Jr.
  • Edgardo C. Labella
  • Manuel P. "Maning" Legaspi (1949-2026)
  • Laurito M. Malinao
  • Ananias G. Ouano
  • Jocelyn G. Pesquera
  • Felixberto A. Rosito
  • Fe Mantua-Ruiz
  • Jose F. Navarro (LNB)
  • Anthony Jones Luy (SK)

1995-1998, 7th SP

City Ordinance No. 1656, revising the city's comprehensive zoning regulations, was passed by this council.[67] All elected officials of the city council for this term were members of BOPK.[66]

  • Renato V. Osmeña (presiding officer)
  • Rodolfo Y. Cabrera (president pro tempore)
  • Jessie M. Aznar (floor leader)
  • Ruben C. de la Cerna (assistant floor leader)
  • Eleno V. Abellana
  • Christopher I. Alix
  • Manuel L. Concepcion
  • Ronald R. Cuenco
  • Rico Rey Francis S. Holganza
  • Gabriel V. Leyson
  • Laurito M. Malinao
  • Rogelio V. Osmeña
  • Arnulfo R. Ravina
  • Felixberto A. Rosito
  • Fe Mantua-Ruiz
  • Joy Augustus G. Young
  • Michael L. Rama
  • Ananias G. Ouano (LNB)
  • Anthony Jones Luy (SK)

1992–1995, 6th SP

City Ordinance No. 1524, which created the Cebu City Division for the Welfare of the Urban Poor (DWUP), was passed by this council.[68]

Alvin Garcia, presiding officer of 5th and 6th Sangguniang Panlungsod
  • Alvin B. Garcia (presiding officer)
  • Rodolfo Y. Cabrera (president pro tempore)
  • Eleno V. Abellana (majority floor leader)
  • Joy Augustus G. Young (assistant majority floor leader)
  • Ronald R. Cuenco (minority floor leader)
  • Christopher I. Alix
  • Jessie M. Aznar
  • Ruben C. dela Cerna
  • Manuel L. Concepcion
  • Rico Rey Francis S. Holganza
  • Laurito M. Malinao
  • Renato V. Osmeña
  • Ramon B. Quisumbing
  • Michael L. Rama
  • Arnulfo R. Ravina
  • Felixberto A. Rosito
  • Fe Mantua Ruiz
  • Ananias G. Ouano (LNB)
  • Charles T. Vailoces (SK, first Cebu City SK Federation president)[69]

1988–1992, 5th SP

City Ordinance No. 1361, establishing the garbage collection system of Cebu City, was passed on February 5, 1990 by this council.[70] This council was also the first to feature members of BOPK, alongside members of Partido Panaghiusa.[71]

  • Alvin B. Garcia (presiding officer, BOPK)
  • Rodolfo Y. Cabrera (president pro tempore)
  • Franklyn N. Seno (majority floor leader, BOPK)
  • Vicente A. Kintanar Jr. (minority floor leader, Panaghiusa)
  • Joy Augustus G. Young (assistant majority floor leader, BOPK)
  • Eulogio B. Borres Jr. (assistant minority floor leader, Panaghiusa)
  • Eleno V. Abellana
  • Jessie M. Aznar
  • Ruben C. dela Cerna
  • Manuel L. Concepcion
  • Procopio E. Fernandez
  • Ruendo G. Martinez
  • Pureza G. Oñate
  • Renato V. Osmeña (BOPK)
  • Ananias G. Ouano
  • Avenescio A. Piramide
  • Clemente G. Rama (BOPK)[72]
  • Arnulfo R. Ravina

1987–1988

City Ordinance No. 1254, enacted upon the request of the Guadalupe Village Homeowners Association of Punta Princesa, Cebu City to rename their subdivision from "Guadalupe Village" to "Guadalupe V. Osmeña Village" after the daughter of former President Sergio Osmeña, was passed by this council on July 6, 1987. The members were appointed as Officers in Charge (OICs) by then-President Corazon Aquino in the aftermath of the 1986 People Power Revolution, serving until February 2, 1988.[73]

  • Augusto W. Go (presiding officer, Mar. 19, 1987–Nov. 27, 1987)
  • Joseph S. Gaisano (presiding officer, Nov. 27, 1987–Feb. 2, 1988)
  • Clemente G. Rama
  • Emmanuel R. Pacquiao
  • Alfonso U. Alerre
  • Nicolen R. Aricayos
  • Antonio A. Avila Jr
  • Jessie M. Aznar
  • Eulogio B. Borres Jr.
  • Julio L. Climaco
  • Elpidio B. Go
  • Panfilo B. Malazarte
  • Pureza T. Onate
  • Ramsey M. Quijano
  • Mario R. Veloso
  • Arnulfo R. Ravina

1980–1987

The following vice mayors and members served during the period of the Marcos dictatorship, the subsequent 1986 People Power Revolution, and the subsequent appointment of OIC city officials in 1987.

1986–1987
1983

The following members served on the Cebu City Council in 1983, during which City Ordinance No. 1139 renaming a formerly unnamed street after engineer and former City Councilor Joaquin L. Panis was enacted on January 24:[75]

  • Ronald R. Duterte (KBL, presiding officer, 1980–1983)[76]
  • Vicente A. Kintanar Jr. (presiding officer, 1983–Mar. 25, 1986)
  • Jesus B. Garcia, Jr.
  • Leonardo S. Manlosa
  • Suga Sotto-Yuvienco
  • Franklin N. Seno
  • Clinton P. Gumalo
  • Pablo U. Abella
  • Emmanuel B. Aznar
  • Rodolfo Y. Cabrera
  • Jose "Boy" V. Cuenco
  • Bienvenido B. Tudtud
  • Renato V. Osmeña (appointed 1982–1985)
  • Pompio A. Paradiang, secretary to the Council

1971–1980

City Ordinance No. 971, which renamed Sampaguita Street in Barangay Lahug as Clotildo S. Rosal Street, was passed by this Council.[77][78]

  • Eulogio "Yoyong" E. Borres (Panaghiusa, mayor and presiding officer)
  • Ronald R. Duterte (KBL, presiding officer pro tempore)
  • Bienvenido B. Tudtud (floor leader)
  • Emilio Rm. Jaca (assistant floor leader)
  • Edgar C. Abelgas
  • Pablo U. Abella
  • Arturo L. Abellana
  • Emilio E. Alcoseba
  • Raymundo A. Crsytal
  • Jose "Boy" V. Cuenco
  • Jesus S. Gabuya
  • Maximino R. Lazarte
  • Guadalupe O. Mansueto
  • Telesforo B. Rabaya
  • Fernando G. Rama
  • Franklin N. Seno
  • Emeterio L. Sapapo
  • Mario R. Veloso
  • Bernardo S. Zamora
  • Pompio A. Paradiang, secretary to the Council

1967–1971

John Henry Osmeña and Jose V. Rodriguez, presiding officers of the 1967–1971 city council.

The following members of this council all ran and won under the Liberal lineup of then-Senator Sergio "Serging" V. Osmeña, sweeping all council positions in the November 14, 1967 elections and assuming office on December 30. Osmeña did not assume office as mayor in order to finish his Senate term, resulting in Vice Mayor Eulogio Borres succeeding as mayor on January 13, 1968.[79][80]

  • Eulogio "Yoyong" E. Borres (presiding officer until Jan. 3, 1968, succeeded as mayor)
  • John Henry "Sonny" R. Osmeña (presiding officer Jan. 3, 1968 – Dec. 30, 1969, resigned to run for the Senate)
  • Florencio S. Urot (succeeded as acting mayor on Sep. 13, 1971)
  • Jose V. Rodriguez (presiding officer Sep. 13, 1971 – Dec. 31, 1971)
  • Raymundo A. Crystal
  • Ronald R. Duterte
  • Bienvenido B. Tudtud
  • Arturo L. Abellana
  • Jesus S. Gabuya
  • Jose V. Arias
  • Caridad A. Trocino
  • Leodegario C. Salazar, secretary to the City Council

1963–1967

Florencio S. Urot, presiding officer of the 1963–1967 city council

The following members were elected on November 12, 1963.[81] This council commemorated the 400th anniversary of the Christianization of Cebu.[82]

1959–1963

The following were elected to the Cebu City Council on November 10, 1959:[81]

  • Carlos J. Cuizon (presiding officer, Dec. 30, 1959–Jan. 1, 1960)
  • Mario D. Ortiz (presiding officer, Jan. 1, 1960 onwards)[83]
  • Florencio S. Urot
  • Osmundo G. Rama
  • Nazario R. Pacquiao
  • Raymundo A. Crystal
  • Eulogio "Yoyong" E. Borres
  • Juan C. Zamora
  • Luis V. Diores
  • Jesus S. Gabuya

1955–1959

The following members were elected along with the first-ever elected mayor and vice mayor in 1955:[81]

  • Ramon G. Duterte (presiding officer)
  • Casimiro V. Madarang
  • Joaquin L. Panis
  • Carlos J. Cuizon[84]
  • Osmundo G. Rama
  • Florencio S. Urot
  • Ceferina U. del Rosario, first female councilor of Cebu City[85]
  • Pedro B. Clavano[86]
  • Generoso Jaca
  • Cecilio de la Victoria

1951–1954

  • Carlos J. Cuizon (presiding officer, appointed Apr. 9, 1953)[84]
  • Florentino D. Tecson (presiding officer, appointed Jan. 28, 1954)[81]
  • Eulogio "Yoyong" E. Borres[87]

1947–1951

The following members were elected to the Cebu City Council on November 11, 1947, assuming office on December 30:[81]

1946–1947

The following members were appointed by President Manuel Roxas on June 8, 1946:[81] City Ordinance No. 51, which banned the sale and consumption of carabao and horse meat, was passed on June 20, 1947 by this council.[88][89]

  • Marcos M. Morelos (presiding officer)
  • Catalina S. Ybañez
  • Filemon R. Zapanta (floor leader)
  • Cresencio Tomakin
  • Paciente S. Villa (1889–1974)[90]
  • Magno Paez
  • Juan C. Seno
  • Jovito S. Abellana
  • Jose Fortich, secretary to the Council

1946

The following members assumed office on January 17, 1946.[81]

1945–1946

The following members assumed office on May 8, 1945, the first after the liberation of Cebu City on April 8, and convened on July 1.[81][92] City Ordinance No. 2, which regulated tartanilla fares, was enacted on July 12, 1945 by this council.[93]

  • Honorato S. Hermosisima Sr. (presiding officer)
  • Cecilio dela Victoria
  • Florencio S. Urot
  • Numeriano G. Estanzo Sr. (1909–1997)[91]
  • Eugenio G. Corro
  • Canuto Octavio R. Borromeo (1891–1959)[94]
  • Alfonso S. Frias
  • Miguel Sanson
  • Pio Kabahar, secretary to the City Council

1940

Leandro A. Tojong, presiding officer of the Cebu City Council, elected in 1940

The following members were elected to the Cebu City Council on December 10, 1940:[81]

1937–1940, first city council

Manuel A. Roa, presiding officer of the first Cebu City Council

The following members were elected to the Cebu City Council on December 14, 1937, the first following the enactment of the Cebu City Charter:[81][95]

1917

The following were the members of the Junta Municipal de Cebu (Municipal Government of Cebu) in 1917:[96]

  • Fructuoso R. Ramos (municipal president)
  • Damaso Leyson (municipal vice president)
  • Rufino Lauron (municipal vice president, 1916–1920)
  • Andres E. Jayme, lawyer, journalist, and aide to Gen. Arcadio Maxilom during the Philippine–American War
  • Jose Ma. V. Borromeo, doctor
  • Quirino Rodriguez
  • Vicente Rama (served 1916–1922)
  • Julio Diaz
  • Ma. Francisco Labrador (served 1912–1924; d. Jan. 3, 1958)[81][97]
  • Jose N. Solon
  • Andres R. Borres, father of future Mayor Eulogio Borres
  • Pedro Casquejo
  • Jose Ma. Roa
  • Filemon del Mar
  • Isidro Enriquez
  • Jose P. Nolasco
  • Eutiquio Sabellano
  • Uldarico Alviola, secretary to the Municipal Board

1901–1916

The following presidents, vice presidents, and members of the Junta Municipal de Cebu (Municipal Government of Cebu) served from 1901 to 1916:[98]

  • Florentino C. Rallos (1860–1912) — president, 1901–1905
  • Celestino L. Rodriguez (1872–1955) — president, 1905–1907
  • Luciano Abellana Bacayo (1873–?) — president, 1907–1908; vice president, 1905–1907
  • Martin P. Llorente (1868–1916) — president, 1908–1909
  • Melchor Gonzalez (1873–1950?) — president, 1909–1910
  • Vicente L. Teves — president, 1910–1913
  • Arsenio V. Climaco (1870–1952) — president, 1913–1916
  • Agapito Hilario — vice president, 1901–1903
  • Filemon Y. Sotto (1872–1966) — vice president, 1903–1905
  • Raimundo Bracamonte Enriquez — vice president, 1907–1908
  • Francisco V. Arias — vice president, 1908–1909
  • Pedro Abarca — vice president, 1909–1910
  • Gregorio Abendan — vice president, 1910–1913
  • Fructuoso R. Ramos (1869–1949) — vice president, 1913–1916
  • Lucas O. Gabuya (served c. 1900)[78]

Other council members

  • Clotildo S. Rosal (served 1919–1925)[77]
  • Gervasio L. Lavilles (served c. 1930s), described as the "brains of the Cebu City Charter[99]
  • Conrado C. Tudtud (Partido Democrata, early 20th century), policeman, businessman[100]

Timeline

Majority Control

Cebu City Council Majority Control (1988–present)
Election Vice Mayor[a] Council Members Majority[b] Ref
1988 Alvin Garcia









Panaghiusa [66][71]
1992 Data unavailable [66]
1995 Renato Osmeña









BOPK supermajority
1998









BOPK supermajority
2001 Mike Rama









BOPK [66][62][101]
2004









BOPK supermajority [60][61]
2007









BOPK supermajority [57]
2010 Joy Young









BOPK supermajority [54][55]
2013 Edgardo Labella









BOPK supermajority[c] [102][103]
2016









BARUG [104][105]
2019 Mike Rama









BOPK[d] [106][107]
2022 Raymond Garcia









BARUG supermajority [108][109]
2025 Tomas Osmeña








KUSUG-BARUG supermajority[e] [20][21]
Notes
  1. As the presiding officer of the City Council, the vice mayor can only vote to break a tie.
  2. A two-thirds council majority, which can override mayoral vetos, constitutes a supermajority.
  3. With the abolition of the Sangguniang Kabataan (SK) from 2013 to 2018, the number of ex officio council members was reduced from 2 to 1, as there were no SK councils to elect an SK Federation president.
  4. Although BOPK in 2019 won only half of the council's seats while losing the vice mayor position, Vice Mayor Mike Rama's (BARUG) tie-breaking vote as presiding officer did not give BARUG an effective majority, due to ex officio members Franklyn Ong (LnB) and Jessica Resch (SK) allying with BOPK despite their offices being nominally nonpartisan. Both ex officio members were elected in the 2018 Barangay and Sangguniang Kabataan elections. As a result, BOPK emerged from the 2019 elections with 10 out of 18 council votes.
  5. BOPK, BARUG, and KUSUG each have 6 votes, as ex officio members Franklyn Ong (LnB) and Rhea Jakosalem (SK) have both allied with BARUG. After BARUG and KUSUG entered into a majority coalition, they now possess a combined total of 12 votes, giving them a two-thirds supermajority.

Members from 2004–2025 (national parties)

The name of the president of the Philippines is displayed at the top, followed by the council members.[a][b]

Members from 2004–2025 (local blocs)

The name of the Mayor of Cebu City is displayed at the top, followed by the council members.[c][d][e][f][g][h]

Notes
  1. Due to the unavailability of specific vote and ranking data for council races prior to the 2010 elections, new councilors prior to 2010 are sorted in alphabetical order of their last names, while new councilors from 2010 onwards are sorted by their rankings. Individuals who first join the council by being elected vice mayor (presiding officer), rather than councilor, are always listed first in their election year.
  2. Presidential administrations are displayed to better contextualize national affiliations; local politicians in the Philippines tend to change parties by joining either the party led by the sitting president of the Philippines, an allied national party, or a prominent national opposition party if the president is already backing a local rival.
  3. Mayors' names are displayed to show whether or not the sitting administration has a council majority.
  4. Councilor James Anthony Cuenco was dismissed from office by the Ombudsman on October 4, 2017, after which UNA nominated Eric Espina as his replacement. Espina served until Cuenco was ordered reinstated by the DILG on January 3, 2019, after the Court of Appeals overturned the Ombudsman's decision on October 19, 2018.
  5. Councilor Antonio Cuenco died in office on June 27, 2020, after which he was replaced by his son, former Councilor James Anthony Cuenco.
  6. On February 10, 2022, President Rodrigo Duterte appointed former Councilor Jocelyn "Joy" Pesquera to fill the vacancy created by first-ranked Councilor Dondon Hontiveros's ascension to vice mayor, following the death of Mayor Edgar Labella on November 19, 2021.
  7. Councilor Ramon "Yayoy" Alcoseba died in office on April 25, 2022.
  8. Vice Mayor Raymond Alvin Garcia assumed the office of mayor on October 9, 2024 after then-Mayor Rama was dismissed from office by the Ombudsman due to nepotism charges.

See also

References

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  2. Congress of the Philippines (October 10, 1991). "Republic Act No. 7160 - An Act providing for a Local Government Code of 1991" (PDF). National Water Resources Board. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 30, 2016. Retrieved September 1, 2019. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  3. "Sangguniang Panlungsod (SP)". Cebu City Government. June 1, 2010. Archived from the original on August 19, 2019. Retrieved August 14, 2019.
  4. Revised Charter of the City of Cebu (Republic Act 3857, Article III). Philippine House of Representatives. June 10, 1964. Archived from the original on August 19, 2019. Retrieved August 19, 2019.
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  6. Confirming the Elections of Provincial and City Officers Elected on December 10, 1940 (Executive Order 315). December 28, 1940. Archived from the original on December 14, 2017.
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  36. Seares, Pachico (November 1, 2021). "EXPLAINER: Councilors Hontiveros, Zafra cancel 'independence,' stay with Barug. To Comelec though, they're still party-less. Nov. 15 deadline is 'only for substitution.'". SunStar Cebu. Retrieved October 26, 2022.
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