Gonzo (company)

☆ Save On Wikipedia ↗
GONZO KK
Native name
株式会社ゴンゾ
Kabushiki-gaisha Gonzo
TypePrivate
IndustryAnimation studio, planning and production
FoundedFebruary 22, 2000 (2000-02-22)
FounderMahiro Maeda
Shinji Higuchi
Shouji Murahama
Hiroshi Yamaguchi
HeadquartersOgikubo,
Suginami, Tokyo
,
Japan
Key peopleShinichiro Ishikawa (President and CEO)
Number of employees
12 (as of August 1, 2019)[1]
SubsidiariesGonzino[2]
Okinawa Gonzo (2012–2019)
NXM Japan
Websitegonzo.co.jp

Gonzo K.K. (Japanese: 株式会社ゴンゾ, Hepburn: Kabushiki-gaisha Gonzo) (formerly GDH K.K.) is a Japanese animation studio that was established on February 22, 2000. Gonzo is a member of The Association of Japanese Animations. The company's predecessor Gonzo Inc. was established on February 11, 1992, by former Gainax staff members, but was later absorbed into its parent company, GDH K.K. on April 1, 2009, and it would assume the Gonzo trade name for itself.

Recently, on top of producing the studio's most recent works of Phantasy Star Online 2: Episode Oracle as well as a second season of Kakuriyo: Bed & Breakfast for Spirits, the company has been focusing on the NFT market with its projects Samurai Cryptos and Samurai Religion,[3] as well as co-distributing the animated film They Shot the Piano Player in Japan.[4]

History

Founding

In 1992, Shouji Murahama, a producer who had left Gainax, together with director Mahiro Maeda, screenwriter Hiroshi Yamaguchi, and filmmaker Shinji Higuchi, started Gonzo as a creator's office in Shinjuku, Tokyo.[5] On September 11 of that same year, Shouji Murahama would establish Gonzo Inc. The company's name was suggested by Shinji Higuchi taken from American journalist Hunter S. Thompson's nickname, "Gonzo". He later learned that it also meant "idiot" in Italian.[6]

In 1994, with the release of the PlayStation and Sega Saturn, Gonzo began shifting its focus on digital animation. In 1996, the studio produced the animated sequences for the video game Lunar: Silver Star Story Complete. Seeking to demonstrate its ability to produce complete, self-contained narrative works, Gonzo produced its first anime production, the OVA Blue Submarine No. 6 in 1998.

Formation of the GDH Group

In May 1999, Gonzo was reorganized as a joint-stock company and changed its name to Gonzo K.K.

In February 2000, Shinichiro Ishikawa, a former Boston Consulting Group employee and representative director of Digimation, joined the company, and the holding company Gonzo Digimation Holdings was established. Gonzo and Digimation became wholly owned subsidiaries of the holding company, establishing the group's management structure. This formed the GDH Group, with Gonzo serving not only as the name of the studio but also as the brand name of the group as a whole.

In April 2002, Gonzo and Digimation merged and changed the company name to Gonzo Digimation. In July 2004, the company was renamed GONZO K.K., while Gonzo Digimation Holdings was renamed GDH. In November of the same year, GDH was listed on the Mothers Tokyo Stock Exchange.

Since 2000, Gonzo ventured into television anime production, and the 2005 television anime Black Cat was their first work based on a manga serialized on Weekly Shonen Jump, a genre that had previously been associated with works aimed at niche audiences.

In 2006, Gonzo released its first theatrical film, Origin: Spirits of the Past. The year also marked the company's 15th anniversary, for which it planned several projects, including an anime adaptation of Tow Ubukata's Mardock Scramble. However, the project was canceled later that year amid production difficulties. Another 15th-anniversary project, Afro Samurai, was produced for the American market and premiered on Spike TV in 2007. The series sold approximately 400,000 copies in the United States and was followed by Afro Samurai: Resurrection and video game adaptations.

On April 2008, Gonzo becomes the first anime studio to simulcast anime internationally, licensing The Tower of Druaga: The Aegis of Uruk and Blassreiter to Crunchyroll.[7]

Group restructuring

In the late 2000s, the company fell into financial difficulties due to the collapse of the DVD boom.[8]

In September 2008, the company conducted a third-party allotment of new shares to Iwakaze Fund, an investment limited partnership managed and operated by Iwakaze Capital, making Iwakaze Fund the largest shareholder.

On April 1, 2009, as part of efforts to improve the financial condition of the GDH Group, Gonzo was absorbed into its parent company, GDH, which changed its corporate name to Gonzo K.K. As a result, Gonzo, the corporation originally established in 1992, ceased to exist. On June 3 of the same year, the company's accounting auditor, BA Tokyo Audit Corporation, issued a disclaimer of opinion on its financial statements for the fiscal year ended March 2009, citing the possibility of difficulties in securing funds to repay its debts and uncertainty over the achievement of its restructuring plan.[9] On June 29, the decision was made to delist the company from the Mother's Toyko Stock Exchange and the company was delisted on July 30.[10] Around the same time, the group's financial difficulties led to the reorganization and sale of its digital production divisions and group companies, as well as the separation of its production studios into independent companies.

Following Shangri-La and Saki in 2009, Gonzo primarily worked on promotional videos for video games and provided animation production services for other companies. In 2010, the company had no television anime or original video animation projects as the primary production studio. After the two aforementioned series ended, Gonzo went approximately one year and ten months without a production in which it served as the primary studio. In 2011, the company announced teo new productions, marking its return to producing anime, Nyanpire and Last Exile: Fam, the Silver Wing.

In July, 2016, ADK announced a tender offer for Gonzo shares with the aim of making it a consolidated subsidiary.[11][12] As a result, ADK acquired 197,347 shares (ownership ratio of 84.01%).[13][14] On December 27 of the same year, ADK announced that it had engaged in inappropriate accounting practices in previous fiscal years.[15] An investigation report was published on January 10, 2017.[16] In response, on February 6, of the same year, it submitted amended securities reports for the 13th to 17th fiscal years to the Kanto Local Finance Bureau.[17]

In June, 2019, Gonzo announced that it would transfer parts of its animation production businesses, intellectual property rights to Studio KΑΙ. On October 31, of the same year, the studio dissolved its subsidiary Okinawa Gonzo.[18] and defunct on April 8, 2020.

In March 2020, It was revealed that the company planned to execute a reverse stock split. If approved, it would reduce the number of issued shares from 934,972 down to 24, making the company a wholly owned subsidiary of ADK in the process. After making Gonzo into an wholly owned subsidiary of ADK, it will transfer all of its shares in the company to Shinichiro Ishikawa.[19][20]

In 2021, the NFT anime project Samurai cryptos was announced. On October 15, 2024, a promotional video directed by Ai Yokoyama, Samurai Religion, on the official YouTube channel GONZODOGA.[3] This marks the first anime project under the Gonzo name in four years, since 7SEEDS part 2 in 2020.

Financial issues

The studio had a financial problem in their closing account in the 2008–2009 term and stated its deficit was estimated over US$30 million. The Tokyo Stock Exchange announced that on July 30, 2009, Gonzo would be delisted from the exchange. This delisting is the conclusion of a notification made to investors in March 2008 that the studio's financial liabilities exceeded its total financial assets. Since Gonzo was unable to reverse this, paperwork for delisting was filed at the end of June.[21]

The studio is still able to operate, and its parent company GDH has absorbed it in an effort to consolidate management. The combined company now simply refers to itself as Gonzo.[22] By April 2009, the merger was complete.

As part of the restructuring, GDH also sold the Gonzo Rosso game development subsidiary, GDH Capital financing subsidiary, and remaining shares of Tablier Communications initially acquired in March 2006.[23] Gonzo Rosso K.K. was sold to Chushou service kikou kabushikigaisha (division of Incubator Bank of Japan, Limited) on March 31, 2009.[24]

Since this deficit, Gonzo has started to post better earnings due to the release of titles such as Rosario + Vampire to western online streaming services such as Netflix. The marketing of these products to western audiences has returned Gonzo to financial stability, and Gonzo posted higher than expected profit margins in the April–September 2012 period.[25]

Works

TV series

TitleFirst run start dateFirst run end dateEpsNotes
Gate Keepers April 3, 2000 September 18, 2000 24 Based on a game by Kadokawa.
Vandread October 3, 2000 December 26, 2000 13 Based on the light novels. Co-animated with Digimation.
Samurai Girl: Real Bout High School July 30, 2001 October 22, 2001 13 Based on a light novel by Reiji Saiga. Co-animated with Digimation.
Final Fantasy: Unlimited October 2, 2001 March 26, 2002 25 Based on Square Enix's Final Fantasy franchise.
Hellsing October 10, 2001 January 16, 2002 13 Based on a manga by Kouta Hirano. Co-animated with Digimation.
Vandread the Second Stage October 5, 2001 December 28, 2001 13 Second season of Vandread. Co-animated with Digimation
Full Metal Panic! January 8, 2002 June 18, 2002 24 Based on a light novel by Shoji Gatoh.
Saikano July 2, 2002 September 24, 2002 13 Based on a manga by Shin Takahashi.
Kiddy Grade October 8, 2002 March 18, 2003 24 Original work.
Gravion October 7, 2002 December 16, 2002 13 Original work.
Kaleido Star April 4, 2003 March 27, 2004 51 Original work.
Last Exile April 7, 2003 September 28, 2003 26 Original work.
Gad Guard April 17, 2003 December 30, 2003 26 Original work.
In collaboration with Amber Film Works.
Peacemaker Kurogane October 7, 2003 March 24, 2004 24 Based on a manga by Nanae Chrono.
Chrono Crusade November 24, 2003 June 10, 2004 24 Based on a manga by Daisuke Moriyama.
Gravion Zwei January 8, 2004 March 25, 2004 12 Second season of Gravion.
Gantz April 12, 2004 November 18, 2004 26 Based on a manga by Hiroya Oku.
Burst Angel April 6, 2004 September 14, 2004 24 Original work.
Samurai 7 June 12, 2004 December 25, 2004 26 Based on a movie by Akira Kurosawa.
Desert Punk October 4, 2004 March 28, 2005 24 Based on a manga by Usune Masatoshi.
Gankutsuou: The Count of Monte Cristo October 5, 2004 March 29, 2005 24 Based on a novel by Alexandre Dumas.
Speed Grapher April 7, 2005 September 29, 2005 24 Original work.
Basilisk April 12, 2005 September 20, 2005 24 Based on a manga by Masaki Segawa.
Trinity Blood April 28, 2005 October 6, 2005 24 Based on a light novel by Sunao Yoshida.
Transformers: Galaxy Force/Cybertron January 8, 2005 (Japan)
July 2, 2005 (USA)		 December 31, 2005 (Japan)
October 2, 2006 (USA)		 52 Co-produced by Hasbro and Takara, in collaboration with Sunwoo Entertainment.
G.I. Joe: Sigma 6 September 10, 2005 (USA) October 28, 2006 (USA) 26 Co-produced by Hasbro
SoltyRei October 6, 2005 March 30, 2006 24 Original work.
In collaboration with AIC.
Black Cat October 6, 2005 March 30, 2006 24 Based on a manga by Kentaro Yabuki.
Glass Fleet April 4, 2006 September 21, 2006 26 Original work.
Witchblade April 16, 2006 September 20, 2006 24 Based on the comic of the same name.
Welcome to the N.H.K. July 9, 2006 December 17, 2006 24 Based on a novel by Tatsuhiko Takimoto.
Marginal Prince October 1, 2006 December 24, 2006 13 Based on a dating simulation mobile game by NTT Docomo.
In collaboration with Tokyo Kids and Studio T&B.
Red Garden October 3, 2006 March 13, 2007 22 Based on a manga by Kirihito Ayamura.
Pumpkin Scissors October 2, 2006 March 19, 2007 24 Based on a manga by Ryotary Iwanaga.
In collaboration with AIC.
Master of Epic: The Animation Age January 8, 2007 March 26, 2007 12 Based on an MMORPG by Konami.
In collaboration with Palm Studio.
Afro Samurai January 4, 2007 February 1, 2007 5 Based on a manga by Takashi Okazaki.
Getsumento Heiki Mina January 13, 2007 March 24, 2007 11 Original work.
Romeo × Juliet April 4, 2007 September 26, 2007 24 Based on a play by William Shakespeare.
Bokurano April 8, 2007 September 25, 2007 24 Based on a manga by Mohiro Kitoh.
Kaze no Stigma April 21, 2007 September 21, 2007 24 Based on a light novel by Takahiro Yamato.
My Bride Is a Mermaid April 1, 2007 September 30, 2007 26 Based on a manga by Tahiko Kimura.
In collaboration with AIC.
Dragonaut: The Resonance March 3, 2007 March 26, 2008 25 Original work.
Rosario + Vampire January 3, 2008 March 27, 2008 13 Based on a manga by Akihisa Ikeda.[26]
The Tower of Druaga: the Aegis of Uruk April 1, 2008 June 20, 2008 12 Based on a game by Namco.
S · A: Special A April 6, 2008 September 14, 2008 24 Based on a manga by Maki Minami.
In collaboration with AIC.
Blassreiter April 5, 2008 September 27, 2008 24 Original work.
Strike Witches July 3, 2008 September 18, 2008 12 Based on a manga by Yoshiyuki Kazumi
Rosario + Vampire Capu2.. October 2, 2008 December 24, 2008 13 Based on a manga by Akihisa Ikeda, sequel to Rosario + Vampire.[26]
Linebarrels of Iron October 3, 2008 March 20, 2009 24 Based on a manga by Eiichi Shimizu.
The Tower of Druaga: the Sword of Uruk January 8, 2009 March 26, 2009 12 Based on a game by Namco, sequel to The Tower of Druaga: The Aegis of Uruk.
Saki April 6, 2009 September 28, 2009 25 Based on a manga by Ritz Kobayashi.
Shangri-La April 6, 2009 September 14, 2009 24 Based on a manga by Eiichi Ikegami.
Nyanpire July 6, 2011 September 21, 2011 12 Based on a manga by yukiusa.
Last Exile: Fam, the Silver Wing October 15, 2011 March 23, 2012 21 Original work, sequel to Last Exile.
Ozuma March 16, 2012 April 21, 2012 6 Based on Lightning Ozma manga by Leiji Matsumoto.[27]
In collaboration with LandQ Studios.
Leviathan: The Last Defense April 6, 2013 July 7, 2013 13 Based on a mobile game produced by GREE.[28]
Dog & Scissors July 1, 2013 September 16, 2013 12 Based on a light novel by Shunsuke Sarai and Tetsuhiro Nabeshima.
A Town Where You Live July 13, 2013 September 28, 2013 12 Based on a manga by Kouji Seo.[29]
Blade & Soul April 3, 2014 June 26, 2014 13 Based on a game by NCSOFT.
Seiyu's Life! July 7, 2015 September 29, 2015 13 Based on a manga by Masumi Asano.
Aokana: Four Rhythm Across the Blue January 12, 2016 March 29, 2016 12 Based on a visual novel by Sprite.
Akiba's Trip: The Animation January 4, 2017 March 29, 2017 13 Based on a game by Acquire.
18if July 7, 2017 September 29, 2017 13 Based on a mobile game by MobCast.
Kakuriyo: Bed & Breakfast for Spirits April 2, 2018 September 24, 2018 26 Based on a light novel by Midori Yūma.
Space Battleship Tiramisu April 3, 2018 December 25, 2018 26 Based on a manga by Satoshi Miyakawa.
Hinomaru Sumo October 5, 2018 March 29, 2019 24 Based on a manga by Kawada.
Conception October 10, 2018 December 26, 2018 12 Based on a game by Spike Chunsoft.
Try Knights July 30, 2019 October 15, 2019 12 Based on a manga by Shunsaku Yano.
In collaboration with Seven.
Phantasy Star Online 2: Episode Oracle October 7, 2019 March 30, 2020 25 Based on a game by Sega.
In collaboration with Studio Kai.
Kakuriyo: Bed & Breakfast for Spirits 2nd season October 2, 2025 December 18, 2025 12 Based on a light novel by Midori Yūma, sequel to Kakuriyo: Bed & Breakfast for Spirits.
In collaboration with Makaria.[30]

OVAs

Title Release start date Release end data Eps Notes
Blue Submarine No. 6 October 25, 1998 March 25, 2000 4 Based on a manga by Satoru Ozawa.
Melty Lancer: The Animation May 25, 1999 May 25, 2000 6 Based on a game by Tenky.
Gate Keepers 21 April 24, 2002 January 8, 2003 6 Based on a game by Kadokawa.
Yukikaze August 28, 2002 August 26, 2005 5 Based on a novel series by Chōhei Kambayashi.
Kaleido Star Aratanaru Tsubasa Extra Stage September 24, 2004 September 24, 2004 1 Original work.
Strike Witches January 1, 2007 January 1, 2007 1 Based on a manga by Yoshiyuki Kazumi.
Burst Angel: Infinity March 23, 2007 March 23, 2007 1 Original work.
Red Garden: Dead Girls August 8, 2007 August 8, 2007 1 Based on a manga by Kirihito Ayamura.
Zero Escape: Virtue's Last Reward Special OVA December 11, 2011 December 11, 2011 1 Based on a game by Spike Chunsoft.
Hori-san to Miyamura-Kun September 26, 2012 May 25, 2021 6 Based on a manga by Hero.

ONAs

Title Release start date Release end date Eps Notes
Zaion: I Wish You Were Here October 4, 2001 November 3, 2001 4 Original work.
Calamity of a Zombie Girl July 4, 2018 July 4, 2018 1 Based on a light novel by Ryō Ikehata.

In collaboration with Stingray.

Saint Seiya: Saintia Shō December 10, 2018 February 18, 2019 10 Based on a manga by Chimaki Kuori.
7 Seeds June 28, 2019 March 26, 2020 24 Based on a manga by Yumi Tamura.
Hero of Robots August 16, 2019 September 27, 2019 4 Based on a game by International Games System.

Films

Title Release date Duration Notes
Origin: Spirits of the Past January 7, 2006 94 min Original work.
Brave Story July 8, 2006 112 min Based on a novel series by Miyuki Miyabe.
Afro Samurai: Resurrection January 25, 2009 100 min Based on a manga by Takashi Okazaki, sequel to Afro Samurai.
Bayonetta: Bloody Fate November 23, 2013 91 min Based on a game by PlatinumGames.
Last Exile: Fam, The Silver Wing: Over the Wishes February 6, 2016 120 min Original work, sequel to Last Exile: Fam, the Silver Wing.
Full Metal Panic 1: Boy Meets Girl November 25, 2017 120 min Based on a light novel by Shoji Gatoh.
Full Metal Panic 2: One Night Stand January 13, 2018 85 min Based on a light novel by Shoji Gatoh.
Full Metal Panic 3: Into the Blue January 20, 2018 120 min Based on a light novel by Shoji Gatoh.

Games

Music videos

Shorts

  • 2013: The Midnight Animals

Manga

International distribution

Many of Gonzo's titles were licensed for North American distribution by Geneon, ADV Films, and Funimation Entertainment. ADV Films UK branch was the UK distributor for Gonzo titles licensed by ADV, with the exception of Gantz, as it was licensed by MVM Films. Gad Guard, Hellsing, and Last Exile, which were titles originally licensed by Geneon, were also licensed by ADV Films UK, although they're no longer licensed since the company's closure. MVM Films was the UK licensee for the majority of Gonzo titles licensed by Funimation in the US, with the exception of Afro Samurai, which was initially distributed directly in the UK by GDH[32] and later by Manga Entertainment UK[33] who also licensed Strike Witches (season 1), Origin: Spirits of the Past, and recently Last Exile and Hellsing. Welcome to the N.H.K., Pumpkin Scissors, and Red Garden, which were originally licensed by ADV Films UK, were re-licensed by MVM Films.

In June 2006, it signed a long-term output deal with the anime television network, Animax, which saw Animax broadcasting all of Gonzo's anime titles across all of its networks around the world, including Japan, Asia, the Indian subcontinent, and Latin America and from November 2007 on Southern Africa's DSTV satellite network.[34] As of 2008 they decided to stream some of their airing anime on video sites such as: YouTube, Crunchyroll, and BOST.[35] Gonzo's precarious financial situation at the time, as well as their history of experimentation with digital technologies, arguably lead them to be the first anime company to license their content of Crunchyroll, then largely known for their anime piracy.[36]

References

  1. "Profile | Gonzo". Archived from the original on June 27, 2020.
  2. "Gonzo Establishes Subsidiary in Okinawa". Anime News Network. May 22, 2012. Retrieved October 7, 2015.
  3. Cayanan, Joanna (October 10, 2024). "Gonzo to Reveal New Promo Video for 'SAMURAI cryptos' NFT/Blockchain Project on October 15". Anime News Network. Retrieved October 16, 2024.
  4. GONZO、映画『ボサノヴァ～撃たれたピアニスト』日本配給決定！| GONZO. www.gonzo.co.jp. Retrieved February 27, 2025.
  5. "有限会社ゴンゾ会社概要". Gonzo. Archived from the original on December 21, 1997.
  6. Murahama, Shouji (2006). オタクバカ一代. Japan: KADOKAWA. ISBN 978-4048839570.
  7. Ristola, Jacqueline (January 2024). "Going Gonzo: Crunchyroll, Anime Streaming, and Unpaid Digital Labour". Kinephanos. 10 (1): 159. doi:10.7202/1113453ar – via Érudit.
  8. "GONZO 石川真一郎（代表取締役社長）（2/2） | アニメスタジオクロニクル No.15 - コミックナタリー コラム". コミックナタリー.
  9. "ゴンゾ<3755.T>、会計監査人が09年3月期決算書類に監査意見不表明". ロイター. June 3, 2009.
  10. "ゴンゾの上場廃止が正式決定". ITmedia. June 29, 2009.
  11. "株式会社アサツー ディ・ケイによる当社株式に対する公開買付けに関する賛同意見表明書" (PDF). Gonzo.
  12. "株式会社ゴンゾ株式に対する公開買付けの開始に関するお知らせ" (PDF). ADK.
  13. "株式会社ゴンゾ株式に対する公開買付けの結果に関するお知らせ" (PDF). ADK. August 23, 2016.
  14. "（訂正）「株式会社ゴンゾ株式に対する公開買付けの結果に関するお知らせ」の一部訂正について" (PDF). ADK. August 25, 2016.
  15. "当社連結子会社による過年度における不適切な会計処理に関するお知らせ" (PDF). ADK. December 27, 2016.
  16. "当社連結子会社による不適切な会計処理にかかる特別調査委員会による調査報告書の公表に関するお知らせ" (PDF). ADK. January 10, 2017.
  17. "過年度の有価証券報告書等にかかる訂正報告書および第18期半期報告書の提出のお知らせ" (PDF). ADK. February 6, 2017.
  18. "ゴンゾ傘下のデジタルアニメスタジオ「沖縄ゴンゾ」が解散".
  19. "Notice of Extraordinary General Meeting of Shareholders" (PDF). www.gonzo.co.jp. March 9, 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 25, 2020.
  20. "ゴンゾ 創業メンバー石川真一郎氏が全株式買取りへ | アニメーションビジネス・ジャーナル". March 13, 2020.
  21. "Tokyo Stock Exchange to Delist Gonzo on July 30". Anime News Network. June 29, 2009. Retrieved June 29, 2009.
  22. "GDH to Absorb Its Gonzo Subsidiary, Adopt Gonzo's Name". Anime News Network. February 18, 2009. Retrieved June 6, 2009.
  23. Gonzo's Parent Company to Sell Off Game Subsidiary. (Updated)
  24. GDHオンラインゲーム事業から撤退，ゴンゾロッソ株式を売却へ
  25. "Anime/Game Studio Gonzo Posts Higher Earnings, Profit". Anime News Network. January 3, 2013. Retrieved October 7, 2015.
  26. "Funimation".
  27. 松本零士 零時社 オフィシャルサイト. 松本零士 零時社 オフィシャルサイト (in Japanese). Retrieved October 24, 2021.
  28. "Gonzo Makes Leviathan Moe Fantasy Mobile Game's TV Anime". Anime News Network. March 3, 2013. Retrieved March 4, 2013.
  29. "Gonzo Makes TV Anime of A Town where you live Manga". Anime News Network. March 8, 2013. Retrieved October 7, 2015.
  30. "Kakuriyo -Bed & Breakfast for Spirits- Season 2 Anime's Teaser Reveals Opening Song Artist, October Premiere". Anime News Network. August 8, 2025. Retrieved August 8, 2025.
  31. Suikoden III credits
  32. "AFRO SAMURAI". British Board of Film Classification. Retrieved November 22, 2011.
  33. "AFRO SAMURAI". British Board of Film Classification. Retrieved November 22, 2011.
  34. "Animax Asia Signs New Output Deal with GDH". Anime News Network. June 21, 2006. Retrieved October 7, 2015.
  35. "Gonzo Works to be Streamed Simultaneously with Airing". Anime News Network. March 21, 2008. Retrieved October 7, 2015.
  36. Ristola, Jacqueline (2024). "Going Gonzo: Crunchyroll, Anime Streaming, and Unpaid Digital Labour". Kinephanos: Revue d'études des médias et de culture populaire / Kinephanos: Journal of media studies and popular culture. 10 (1): 159–161. doi:10.7202/1113453ar. ISSN 1916-985X.