Hafsa Sultan

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Hafsa Sultan
Bust of Hafsa Sultan, Manisa, Turkey
Valide Sultan of the Ottoman Empire
Tenure30 September 1520 – 19 March 1534
PredecessorGülbahar Hatun (as Valide Hatun)
SuccessorNurbanu Sultan
Born1478/1479
Died(1534-03-19)19 March 1534
Eski Saray, Constantinople, Ottoman Empire
Burial
Yavuz Selim Mosque, Fatih, Constantinople
Consort ofSelim I
IssueHatice Sultan
Fatma Sultan
Hafize Sultan
Beyhan Sultan
Suleiman I
Names
English: Hafsa Sultan
Ottoman Turkish: حفصه سلطان
HouseOttoman
ReligionSunni Islam (converted)

Hafsa Sultan[1] (Ottoman Turkish: حفصه سلطان; 1478/1479 - 19 March 1534), was a concubine of Selim I and the mother of Suleiman the Magnificent. She was the first Valide Sultan of the Ottoman Empire and, during the period between her son's enthronement in 1520 until her death in 1534, she was one of the most influential women in the Ottoman Empire.

Erroneous identification

The traditional and widely accepted view held that Hafsa Sultan was a daughter of Meñli I Giray (1445–1515), the Khan of the Crimean Tatars.[2][3][4] This identification appeared in numerous early modern Western accounts and was subsequently adopted by generations of Turkish and Western historians.[5][6]

However, modern Ottoman historians have against this traditional view based on Ottoman documentary evidence. Scholars such as Alan Fisher, Leslie Peirce, and Feridun Emecen have concluded that Hafsa Sultan was actually of slave origin, rather than a member of the Crimean royal family.[7][8]

According to Fisher and other modern scholars, this long-standing misconception likely arose from a historical conflation of Hafsa Sultan with another of Selim I's consorts, Ayşe Hatun, who was the actual daughter of Meñli I Giray.[9] Historians Ilya Zaytsev and Esin Atıl also explicitly identify Ayşe Hatun as the Crimean princess, distinguishing her lineage from that of Hafsa Sultan.[10][11]

Early life

Around sixteen, she became one of the many concubines of Selim, when he was a prince and the governor of Trabzon from 1487.[12][13][14][15] With him, she had at least four daughters, Hatice Sultan, Fatma Sultan, Hafize Sultan and Beyhan Sultan and finally, in 1494, her only son, Suleiman.[15][16]

According to Turkish tradition, all princes were expected to work as provincial governors as a part of their training. Hafsa joined Suleiman during his early princely assignments, initially in Kefe in 1509,[17] and later in Manisa [18] in 1513.[19] She was supervisor and manager of the inner household and of Suleiman's personal life.[20] Within his court in Kefe, she was granted a monthly stipend of 1,000 aspers, compared to Suleiman's 600 aspers.[21] In 1513, as the mother of the heir apparent , Hafsa received a stipend of 150 aspers a day.[22] In Manisa, where she became the eldest member of the household, she received a further raise, being granted a monthly stipend of 200 aspers a day.[20] This stipend totalling 6,000 aspers a month surpassed that of anyone else on the princely payroll and was triple that of the prince himself.[23]

In his provinces, Hafsa was Suleiman's closest companion and kept him constant company.[24] According to Guillaume Postel, she, purportedly saved Suleiman from potential execution by his father. She allegedly instructed him to disavow any interest in succeeding his father as the sultan. Several years before Selim's death, he is said to have tested his sons' loyalty by expressing a desire to retire from the sultanate and asking which of them sought to rule the empire. Postel conveyed that those who responded with boldness met a fatal fate. Suleiman, guided by his mother's understanding of Selim, declined the opportunity, asserting that he was his father's slave, not his son. He expressed that even after Selim's death, assuming such responsibility would cause him great distress.[25]

Valide Sultan

The külliye built on the orders of Hafsa Sultan in Manisa. It is part of the adjoining Sultan Mosque

After Suleiman's accession to the throne in 1520, Hafsa came to reside in the Old Palace in Istanbul.[26] Following his ascent, and likely with his approval, Hafsa, began signing her letters as "the sultan's mother" (valide-i sultan). Although not an official title, it became widely recognized. Hafsa, possibly the first sultanic mother to consistently use this appellation, served as a crucial source of support for various individuals during these years, particularly women associated with the dynasty. Examples include aiding the daughters of Prince Âlemşah after their mother's death and assisting a female member of Khayr Beg's harem. In her letters to Suleiman, Hafsa demonstrated both business-like and affectionate tones, addressing him as "the light of my eye, the joy of my heart."[27]

During the early years of Suleiman's reign, Hafsa emerged as a dominant female influence in his life, as evidenced by her son's granting of the title "Valide Sultan" (Mother Sultan) to her, making her the first person in Ottoman history to bear the title of sultana despite not having royal blood. Although her letters carried formal chancery formulas, they revealed an intimate undertone. Expressing a deep yearning for her son's company and showcasing concern for his safety during campaigns, Hafsa's letters unveiled the profound bond between mother and son. In a rare handwritten letter, she shared a light-hearted anecdote about a household servant and lamented a missed opportunity to see Suleiman. Ending the letter with a gift of black-eyed peas, she conveyed her love, stating that even a treasure wouldn't be enough of a gift for him.[28] She also attempted to prevent the execution of Ferhad Pasha, who was married to her daughter Beyhan.[29][30]

Suleiman had a deep affection for his mother, which is highlighted in Bragadin's 1526 report, describing her as "a very beautiful woman of 48, for whom [the sultan] bears great reverence and love." Following the Ottoman triumph at the battle of Mohács in 1526, Suleiman took special care to personally inform his mother of the victory through a letter, emphasizing the close bond and reverence he had for her.[31]

Shortly after Suleiman's ascension to the throne, Hafsa initiated the construction of an extensive mosque complex in Manisa,[32] surpassing any built by previous concubines.[33] Its construction probably started during Suleiman's governorship in Manisa, and was completed in 1522–23.[29] This complex included a mosque, a religious college, a dervish hostel, a primary school, and a soup kitchen, employing a staff of 117. Suleiman later expanded it to include a hospital and a bath in his mother's name. Known as "Sultaniye," this imperial mosque featured two minarets, an honor typically reserved for the sultan. Financed through properties acquired with support from Suleiman's father, Selim, and later Suleiman himself, the mosque complex was endowed with income generated from these assets.[33]

Hafsa's groundwork for the project included a significant collective purchase in 1518, involving 56 ordinary shops, 11 shops with roofed fronts, and 111 booths in the Urla market near Izmir. This acquisition, totaling 116 transactions and valued at 66,690 aspers, laid the foundation for the mosque complex's financial support. Beyond construction, Hafsa actively promoted settlement in the mosque's vicinity, offering lots for rent or sale. Those constructing residences on these lots received tax exemptions from the sultan as an encouragement.[34]

She had a kira named Strongilah. She provided assistance to the women in the harem and developed a strong bond with Hafsa.[35]

Death

The entrance to the türbe of Hafsa Sultan

Hafsa died on 19 March 1534,[36][37] and was buried in the vicinity of her husband’s tomb in Yavuz Selim Mosque, Istanbul.[36][23] Construction of a separate mausoleum for her was ordered, and readers were hired to recite the Quran continuously at her grave.[36] Her funeral was marked by significant public demonstrations of mourning.[31] In the depiction of her funeral, royal chancellor and historian Celâlzâde Mustafa Çelebi paid tribute to her with an extensive series of commendations, likening her to revered Muslim women. He compared her to Khadija, the first wife of Muhammad, as well as to Fatima and Aisha, highlighting her asceticism, righteous thoughts, and her active involvement in charitable foundations and virtuous deeds.[38]

Issue

Together with Selim, Hafsa had four daughters before having her only son:

  • Hatice Sultan (ante 1494 – post 1543/44). Married twice, she had five sons and at least three daughters.[39][40][41]
  • Fatma Sultan (ante 1494 – c. 1566). Married three times, maybe she had two daughters.[14]: 65 [42]
  • Beyhan Sultan (ante 1494 – 1559; called also Peykhan Sultan). Married to Ferhad Pasha,[43] she had at least two children.[40][41]
  • Hafize Sultan (ante 1494 – 10 July 1538). She married twice and had a son.
  • Suleiman I (6 November 1494 – 6 September 1566). 10th Sultan of the Ottoman Empire.[44]
  • In the 1997 Ukrainian series Roxolana, Hafsa Sultan is played by Tatjana Nasarowa.
  • In the 2003 TV miniseries Hürrem Sultan, Hafsa Sultan is played by Turkish actress Deniz Türkali.[45]
  • In the 2005 German documentary miniseries Mätressen – Die geheime Macht der Frauen (Mistresses – The Secret Power of Women), Hafsa Sultan is played by German actress Cornelia Schmaus.
  • In the 2011 TV series Muhteşem Yüzyıl, young Hafsa Sultan is played by Turkish actress Evrim Alasya, and old Hafsa Sultan is played by Turkish actress Nebahat Çehre.[46]
  • In the 2019 series Kingdoms of Fire, Hafsa Sultan is played by Tunisian actress Souhir Ben Amara.

References

  1. Tektaş, Nazım (2004). Harem'den Taşanlar (in Turkish). Çatı Kitapları. p. 85. ISBN 9758845020.
  2. Sakaoğlu, Necdet (2008). Bu mülkün kadın sultanları: vâlide sultanlar, hâtunlar, hasekiler, kadınefendiler, sultanefendiler (in Turkish). Oğlak Yayıncılık. ISBN 978-975-329-623-6.
  3. Halil İnalcık, Cemal Kafadar (1993). Süleymân The Second [i.e. the First] and his time. Isis Press. she was a Tatar, a daughter of the Crimean Khan Mengli Giray
  4. André Clot, Matthew Reisz (2005). Suleiman the Magnificent. Saqi. p. 26. His mother, Hafsa Hatun, is believed to have been the daughter of Mengli Giray, the khan of the Crimean Tartars.
  5. Contemporaries of Erasmus : a biographical register of the Renaissance and Reformation, volumes 1-3, A-Z. Internet Archive. Toronto : University of Toronto Press. 2003. p. 298. ISBN 978-0-8020-8577-1.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link) CS1 maint: publisher location (link)
  6. John Freely (1 July 2001). Inside the Seraglio: private lives of the sultans in Istanbul. Penguin.
    • Alan Fisher (1993). "The Life and Family of Süleymân I". In İnalcık, Halil; Cemal Kafadar (eds.). Süleymân The Second [i.e. the First] and His Time. Istanbul: Isis Press. p. 9. ISBN 975-428-052-5.
    • Emecen, Feridun (2010). "Süleyman I". İslâm Ansiklopedisi. Vol. 38. İslâm Araştırmaları Merkezi. pp. 62–74. Information indicating that she was the daughter of the Crimean Khan or was related to the family of Dulkadıroğlu is incorrect.
    • Peirce 1993, p. 40
  8. Encyclopedia of Islam vol. IX (1997), s.v. Suleyman, p. 833.
  9. Alan Fisher (1993). "The Life and Family of Suleyman I". In İnalcık, Halil; Kafadar, Cemal (eds.). Süleymân The Second [i.e. the First] and his time. Isis Press. That she was a Tatar, a daughter of the Crimean Khan Mengli Giray, was a story apparently begun by Jovius, repeated by other western sources, and taken up by Merriman in his biography of Suleyman
  10. Zaytsev, Ilya (2006), "The Structure of the Giray Dynasty (15th-16th centuries): Matrimonial and Kinship Relations of the Crimean Khans", Kinship in the Altaic World: Proceedings of the 48th Permanent International Altaistic Conference, Moscow 10-15 July 2005, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, p. 341, ISBN 3447054166
  11. Atıl, Esin (1987), The Age of Sultan Süleyman the Magnificent, National Gallery of Art, p. 27, ISBN 0810918552
  12. Şahin 2023, p. 36.
  13. Peirce, Leslie; The Imperial Harem, Pg 63: "According to Bragadin’s report of 1526, Hafsa was “a very beautiful woman of 48, for whom [the sultan] bears great reverence and love.”
  14. Türe, D.F.; Türe, F. (2011). Women's Memory: The Problem of Sources. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4438-3265-6.
  15. Bostan, M. Hanefi (2019-05-01). "Yavuz Sultan Selim'in Şehzâdelik Dönemi (1487-1512)". Türk Kültürü İncelemeleri Dergisi (in Turkish): 1–86. Archived from the original on 2025-01-24. Retrieved 2024-02-12.
  16. Şahin 2023, pp. 34, 124.
  17. Şahin 2023, p. 68.
  18. Peirce 1993, p. 61.
  19. Singer, A. (2002). Constructing Ottoman Beneficence: An Imperial Soup Kitchen in Jerusalem. SUNY series in Near Eastern Studies. State University of New York Press. p. 90. ISBN 978-0-7914-5351-3.
  20. Şahin 2023, p. 84.
  21. Şahin 2023, p. 72.
  22. Şahin 2023, p. 129.
  23. Peirce 1993, p. 52.
  24. Şahin 2023, pp. 84, 88.
  25. Peirce 1993, p. 230.
  26. Şahin 2023, p. 108.
  27. Şahin 2023, p. 123.
  28. Şahin 2023, pp. 123–124.
  29. Şahin 2023, p. 124.
  30. Peirce 1993, p. 79.
  31. Peirce 1993, p. 63.
  32. Peirce 1993, pp. 199, 200.
  33. Peirce 1993, p. 199.
  34. Peirce 1993, pp. 199–200.
  35. Rozen, M. (2010). A History of the Jewish Community in Istanbul: The Formative Years, 1453-1566. Ottoman Empire and its Heritage. Brill. p. 204. ISBN 978-90-04-18589-0.
  36. Şahin 2023, p. 218.
  37. Peirce 1993, p. 62.
  38. Peirce 1993, p. 187.
  39. Turan, Ebru (2009). "The Marriage of Ibrahim Pasha (c. 1495–1536): The Rise of Sultan Süleyman's Favorite to the Grand Vizierate and the Politics of the Elites in the Early Sixteenth-Century Ottoman Empire". Turcica. 41: 3–36. doi:10.2143/TURC.41.0.2049287.
    • Şahin, Kaya (2013). Empire and Power in the reign of Süleyman: Narrating the Sixteenth-Century Ottoman World. Cambridge University Press. p. 51. ISBN 978-1-107-03442-6.
    • Peirce, Leslie (2017). Empress of the East: How a European Slave Girl Became Queen of the Ottoman Empire. Basic Books. p. 157. Muhsine, granddaughter of an illustrious statesman, is now largely accepted as Ibrahim's wife.
  40. Turan, Ebru (2009). The marriage of Ibrahim Pasha (c. 1495–1536) – The rise of Sultan Süleyman's favourite to the grand vizierate and the politics of the elites in the early sixteenth-century Ottoman Empire. pp. 14, 25.
  41. Gök, İlhan (2014). II. Bâyezîd Dönemi İn'âmât Defteri ve Ceyb-i Hümayun Masraf Defteri (Thesis). pp. 1464, 1465, 1469.
  42. Ayvansarayî, H.H.; Crane, H. (2000). The Garden of the Mosques: Hafiz Hüseyin Al-Ayvansarayî's Guide to the Muslim Monuments of Ottoman Istanbul. Brill Book Archive Part 1. Brill. p. 175. ISBN 978-90-04-11242-1.
  43. Turan, Ebru; THE MARRIAGE OF IBRAHIM PASHA (CA. 1495–1536): (footnote): "Ferhad Pasha married Beyhan Sultan after the Belgrade campaign; SANUDO, vol. 33, cols. 37, 43–44
  44. Usta, Veysel (2019-03-21). "Şehzade Süleyman'ın (Kanuni) Travzon'da Doğduğu Ev Meselesi". Karadeniz İncelemeleri Dergisi. 13 (26). Karadeniz Incelemeleri Dergisi: 397–414. doi:10.18220/kid.562304. ISSN 2146-4642.
  45. "Hürrem Sultan (TV Series 2003)". IMDb. Retrieved 2024-02-04.
  46. "The Magnificent Century (2011–2014)". IMDb. Retrieved 2024-02-04.

Sources

  • Peirce, L.P. (1993). The Imperial Harem: Women and Sovereignty in the Ottoman Empire. Studies in Middle Eastern history. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-508677-5.
  • Şahin, K. (2023). Peerless Among Princes: The Life and Times of Sultan Süleyman. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-753163-1.