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List of chess openings named after places

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Many of the 1,327 named chess openings and variants listed by The Oxford Companion to Chess are named for geographic places.[1]

A

B

  • Baguio Variation of the Ruy Lopez -1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bb5 a6 4.Ba4 Nf6 5.0-0 Nxe4 6.d4 b5 7.Bb3 d5 8.dxe5 Be6 9.c3 Bc5 10.Nbd2 0-0 11.Bc2 Bf5
  • Balkan Gambit – 1.e4 e6 2.Nf3 d5 3.d3 dxe4 4.Ng5
  • Baltic Defense of the Queen's Gambit Declined – 1.d4 d5 2.c4 Bf5
  • Baltic Defense of the Polish Opening – 1.b4 d5 2.Bb2 Bf5
  • Baltic Opening (or Dunst Opening) – 1.Nc3
  • Basque Gambit of the Ruy Lopez – 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bb5 a6 4.Ba4 Nf6 5.0-0 Be7 6.d4 exd4 7.e5 Ne4 8.c3
  • Basque Opening – 1.d4 Nf6 2.b3
  • Batavo Gambit of the Bird's Opening - 1.f4 d5 2.Nf3 c5 3.e4 dxe4
  • Battambang Opening – 1.Nc3 e5 2.a3
  • Bavarian Gambit – 1.e4 e5 2.c4 d5
  • Bayreuth Variation of the Ruy Lopez – 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bb5 a6 4.Ba4 Nf6 5.Bxc6
  • Belgrade Gambit of the Four Knights – 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Nc3 Nf6 4.d4 exd4 5.Nd5
  • Benelux Variation of the Ruy Lopez – 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bb5 Bc5 4.c3 Nf6 5.0-0 0-0 6.d4 Bb6 (named for the Benelux countries)
  • Berlin Defense of the Ruy Lopez – 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bb5 Nf6
  • Beverwijk Variation of the Ruy Lopez, Berlin Defense – 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bb5 Nf6 4.0-0 Bc5
  • Birmingham Defense (more commonly as the St. George Defense): – 1.e4 a6
  • Birmingham Gambit of the Polish Opening – 1.b4 c5
  • Bled Variation of the English Opening – 1.c4 c6 2.Nf3 d5 3.b3 Nf6 4.Bb2 g6
  • Bohemian Attack of the Caro–Kann Defense – 1.e4 c6 2.Ne2
  • Brazilian Defense – 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Qe7
  • Bremen Variation of the English Opening – 1.c4 e5 2.Nc3 Nf6 3.g3
  • Breslau Variation of the Ruy Lopez – 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bb5 a6 4.Ba4 Nf6 5.0-0 Nxe4 6.d4 b5 7.Bb3 d5 8.dxe5 Be6 9.c3 Be7 10.Re1 0-0 11.Nd4 Nxe5
  • Brooklyn Defense of the Alekhine's Defense – 1.e4 Nf6 2.e5 Ng8
  • Brussels Gambit of the Sicilian Defense – 1.e4 c5 2.Nf3 f5
  • Budapest Gambit – 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 e5
  • Bulgarian Variation of the Ruy Lopez – 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bb5 a5

C

D

  • Danish Gambit – 1.e4 e5 2.d4 exd4 3.c3
  • Danube Gambit – 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 g6 3.d5 b5 4.cxb5 a6 5.bxa6 c6
  • Dresden Opening – 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.c4
  • Duisburg Gambit of the QGD – 1.d4 d5 2.c4 e6 3.Nc3 c5 4.cxd5 cxd4
  • Düsseldorf Gambit of the Van Geet Opening – 1. Nc3 c5 2. b4
  • Dutch Defense – 1.d4 f5
  • Dutch Variation of the Slav Defense – 1.d4 d5 2.c4 c6 3.Nc3 Nf6 4.Nf3 dxc4 5.a4 Bf5 6.e3
  • Dutch Variation of Reti Opening – 1. Nf3 f5
  • Dutch Variation of Nimzowitsch-Larsen Attack – 1. b3 f5

E

F

  • Finnish Variation of the Caro–Kann Defense – 1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.Nc3 dxe4 4.Nxe4 h6
  • Florentine Gambit of the King's Indian Defense – 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 g6 3.Nc3 Bg7 4.e4 d6 5.f4 0-0 6.Be2 c5 7.d5 e6 8.Nf3 exd5 9.e5
  • Folkestone Variation (or Swedish Variation) of the QGD – 1.d4 d5 2.c4 e6 3.Nc3 c5 4.cxd5 exd5 5.Nf3 Nc6 6.g3 c4
  • Fort Knox Variation of the French Defense – 1.e4 e6 2.d4 d5 3.Nc3 dxe4 4.Nxe4 Bd7 5.Nf3 Bc6
  • Frankfurt Variation of the French Defense – 1.e4 e6 2.d4 d5 3.Nc3 Nf6 4.Bg5 Be7 5.e5 Ng8 6.Be3 b6
  • French Defense – 1.e4 e6

G

  • Genoa Opening (known as the Grob Attack) – 1.g4
  • Gent Gambit of the Amar Opening (Paris) – 1.Nh3 d5 2.g3 e5 3.f4 Bxh3 4.Bxh3 exf4 5.0-0 fxg3 6.hxg3
  • German Defense of the Polish Opening (Orangutan or Sokolsky Opening) – 1.b4 d5 2.Bb2 Qd6
  • Glasgow Kiss Variation of the Slav Defense – 1.d4 d5 2.c4 c6 3.Nc3 Nf6 4.e3 Bf5 5.cxd5 cxd5 6.Qb3 Nc6
  • Goteborg (Gothenburg) System of the Scandinavian Defense – 1.e4 d5 2.exd5 Qxd5 3.Nc3 Qa5 4.d4 e5 5.Nf3
  • Gothenburg Variation of the Sicilian Defense, Najdorf Variation – 1.e4 c5 2.Nf3 d6 3.d4 cxd4 4.Nxd4 Nf6 5.Nc3 a6 6.Bg5 e6 7.f4 Be7 8.Qf3 h6 9.Bh4 g5
  • Granada Gambit of the Italian Game, Two Knights Defense, Blackburne Variation – 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Nf6 4.Ng5 d5 5. exd5 Na5 6.Bb5+ c6 7.dxc6 bxc6 8.Qf3 cxb5 9.Qxa8
  • Graz Variation of the Ruy Lopez – 1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Bb5 a6 4. Ba4 b5 5. Bb3 Bc5
  • Graz Attack of the Nimzowitsch-Larsen Attack – 1.b3 d5 2.Ba3
  • Greek Defense (or Owen's Defense) – 1.e4 b6
  • Guatemalan Defense of the Greek Defense or Owen's Defense – 1.e4 b6 2.d4 Ba6

H

I

J

  • Jalalabad Defense – 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 c5 or 1.e4 c5 2.Nf3 e5

K

  • Kahiko-Hula Gambit of the English Opening – 1.c4 e5 2.e3 Nf6 3.f4 exf4 4.Nf3
  • Karlsruhe Variation of the Blackmar-Diemer Gambit – 1.d4 d5 2.e4 dxe4 3.f3 g6
  • Kazakh Variation of the King's Indian – 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 g6 3.Nc3 Bg7 4.e4 d6 5.Nf3 0-0 6.Be2 Na6
  • Kecskemet Variation of the Ruy Lopez –1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bb5 a6 4.Ba4 Nf6 5.0-0 Be7 6.Re1 d6 7.c3 0-0 8.d4 Bd7 9.Nbd2 Be8
  • Kemeri Variation of the King's Indian Defense – 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 g6 3.g3 d5
  • Kentucky Opening – 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Bc5 4.Bxf7+? Kxf7 5.Nxe5+ Nxe5
  • Keoni-Hiva Gambit of the Van't Kruijs Opening – 1.e3 e5 2.Nc3 Nf6 3.f4 exf4 4.Nf3 (Akahi Variation), 1.e3 e5 2.Nc3 Nc6 3.f4 exf4 4.Nf3 (Alua Variation), 1.e3 e5 2.Nc3 d5 3.f4 exf4 4.Nf3 (Ekolu Variation)
  • Kiel Variation of the Scandinavian Defense – 1.e4 d5 2.exd5 Nf6 3.d4 Nxd5 4.c4 Nb4

L

  • Latvian Gambit – 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 f5
  • Leipzig Gambit (or Müller-Schulze Gambit) – 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Nc3 Nf6 4.Nxe5?!
  • Lemberg Gambit (Lviv Gambit) – 1.Nf3 Nf6 2.e4 or 1.Nf3 d5 2.e4
  • Lemberg Countergambit – 1.d4 d5 2.e4 dxe4 3.Nc3 e5
  • Leningrad Variation of the Dutch Defense – 1.d4 f5 2.g3 g6
  • Lisbon Gambit of the Dutch Defense – 1.d4 f5 2.g4 fxg4 3.h3
  • Lisbon Gambit of the Queen's Pawn Opening, English Rat – 1.d4 d6 2.c4 e5 3.dxe5 Nc6
  • Lithuanian Variation of the Mikėnas Defense – 1.d4 Nc6 2.c4 e5 3.d5 Nce7
  • Lodz Variation of the Tarrasch Defense – 1.d4 d5 2.c4 e6 3.Nc3 c5 4.cxd5 exd5 5.Nf3 Nc6 6.g3
  • London System, a set of related chess openings characterised by 1.d4 followed by an early Bf4, e.g. 1.d4 d5 2.Nf3 Nf6 3.Bf4; 1.d4 Nf6 2.Nf3 e6 3.Bf4; and 1.d4 Nf6 2.Nf3 g6 3.Bf4

M

  • Macedonian Variation of the English Opening – 1.c4 e5 2.Nc3 Nf6 3.f4
  • Maltese Falcon Attack (or Gibbins-Wiedehagen Gambit) – 1.d4 Nf6 2.g4 Nxg4 3.f3 Nf6 4.e4
  • Manhattan Gambit of the Dutch Defense – 1.d4 f5 2.Qd3 Nf6 3.g4
  • Manhattan Variation of the QGD (also called the Westphalia Defense) – 1.d4 d5 2.c4 e6 3.Nc3 Nf6 4.Bg5 Nbd7 5.Nf3 Bb4 or 5.e3 Bb4
  • Mannheim Variation of the QGA – 1.d4 d5 2.c4 dxc4 3.Nf3 Nf6 4.Qa4+
  • Mar del Plata Variation of the King's Indian Defense – 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 g6 3.Nc3 Bg7 4.e4 d6 5.Nf3 0–0 6.Be2 e5 7.0–0 Nc6 8.d5 Ne7
  • Margate Variation of the Sicilian Defense – 1.e4 c5 2.Nf3 d6 3.d4 cxd4 4.Nxd4 Nf6 5.Nc3 Nc6 6.Bg5 e6 7.Bb5
  • Marienbad Variation of the Sicilian Defense, Wing Gambit – 1.e4 c5 2.b4 cxb4 3.a3 d5 4.exd5 Qxd5 5.Bb2
  • Massachusetts Defense of the Caro–Kann Defense – 1.e4 c6 2.d4 f5
  • Mediterranean Defense – 1.e4 e6 2.d4 Nf6
  • Meran Variation of the Semi-Slav Defense – 1.d4 d5 2.c4 c6 3.Nf3 Nf6 4.Nc3 e6 5.e3 Nbd7 6.Bd3 dxc4 7.Bxc4
  • Mexican Defense – 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 Nc6
  • Miami Variation of the Italian Gambit – 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Bc5 4.d4 Bxd4 5.Nxd4 Nxd4 6.Be3
  • Modern Archangel Defense of the Ruy Lopez – 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bb5 a6 4.Ba4 Nf6 5.0-0 b5 6.Bb3 Bc5
  • Mongolian Attack – 1.Nf3 Nf6 2.Nd4
  • Monte Carlo Variation of the French Defense – 1.e4 e6 2.d4 d5 3.exd5 exd5 4.c4
  • Montevideo Defense – 1.d4 Nc6 2.d5 Nb8
  • Moscow Variation of the Semi-Slav Defense – 1.d4 d5 2.c4 c6 3.Nf3 Nf6 4.Nf3 e6 5.Bg5 h6
  • Moscow Variation of the Sicilian Defense – 1.e4 c5 2.Nf3 d6 3.Bb5+
  • Mujannah Formation of the Old Benoni Defense – 1. d4 c5 2. d5 f5
  • Mujannah Opening (or Arabian Opening) of the Bird's Opening – 1.f4 d5 2.c4

N

  • New Castle Gambit of the French Defense, Tarrasch Variation – 1.e4 e6 2.d4 d5 3.Nd2 e5
  • New York Variation of the Benoni Defense – 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 c5 3.d5 e6 4.Nc3 exd5 5.cxd5 d6 6.e4 g6 7.Nf3 Bg7 8.h3
  • Nordic Gambit – 1.e4 e5 2.d4 exd4 3.c3 (alternative name for the Danish Gambit)
  • Nordwalde Variation of the King's Gambit Declined – 1.e4 e5 2.f4 Qf6
  • Norfolk Gambit of the Zukertort Opening – 1.Nf3 d5 2.b3 c5 3.e4 or 1.Nf3 d5 2.b3 Nf6 3.Bb2 c5 4.e4
  • North Sea Variation (or Norwegian Defense) of the Modern Defense – 1.e4 g6 2.d4 Nf6 3.e5 Nh5
  • Norwegian Gambit of the Modern Defense – 1.e4 g6 2.d4 Nf6 3.e5 Nh5 4.Be2 d6
  • Norwegian Defense of the Modern Defense – 1.e4 g6 2.d4 Nf6
  • Norwegian Defense of the Ruy Lopez – 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bb5 a6 4.Ba4 b5 5.Bb3 Na5
  • Nottingham Variation of the Sicilian Defense, Dragon Variation – 1.e4 c5 2.Nf3 d6 3.d4 cxd4 4.Nxd4 Nf6 5.Nc3 g6 6.Be3 Bg7 7.Be2 Nc6 8.Nb3
  • Novosibirsk Variation of the Dunst Opening – 1.Nc3 c5 2.d4 cxd4 3.Qxd4 Nc6 4.Qh4
  • Novosibirsk Variation of the Sicilian Defense – 1.e4 c5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.d4 cxd4 4.Nxd4 Nf6 5.Nc3 e5 6.Ndb5 d6 7.Bg5 a6 8.Na3 b5 9.Bxf6 gxf6 10.Nd5 Bg7
  • Nuremberg Variation of the Ruy Lopez – 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bb5 f6

O

  • Odessa Variation of the King's Indian – 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 g6 3.Nc3 Bg7 4.e4 d6 5.Nf3 0-0 6.Be2 e5 7.0-0 Nc6 8.d5 Ne7 9.Bg5
  • Omaha Gambit of the Vienna Game – 1.e4 e5 2.Nc3 d6 3.f4
  • Oxford Variation of the Vienna Game – 1.e4 e5 2.Nc3 Nf6 3.f4 d5 4.fxe5 Nxe4 5.d3
  • Oxford Gambit of the Four Knights Game – 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Nc3 Nf6 4.d4 Bb4 5.d5 Nd4

P

  • Paris Defense (or Semi-Italian Opening) – 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 d6
  • Paris Gambit – 1.Nh3 d5 2.g3 e5 3.f4 (intending 3...Bxh3 4.Bxh3 exf4 5.0-0)
  • Paris Opening (or Amar Opening) – 1.Nh3
  • Persian Opening – 1.c3 c5 2.Qa4 Nf6 3.g4
  • Peruvian Variation of the Queen's Gambit Declined – 1.d4 d5 2.c4 e6 3.Nc3 Nf6 4.Bg5 c5
  • Philippine Attack of the Pirc Defense – 1.e4 d6 2.d4 Nf6 3.Nc3 g6 4.Bg5 Bg7 5.f4
  • Pittsburgh Variation of the QGD – 1.d4 d5 2.c4 e6 3.Nc3 Nf6 4.Bg5 Be7 5.e3 Nbd7 6.Nf3 b6 7.cxd5 exd5 8.Bb5
  • Podebrady Variation of the Sicilian Defense – 1.e4 c5 2.Nf3 d6 3.d4 cxd4 4.Nxd4 Nf6 5.Nc3 Nc6 6.Bg5 e6 7.Nb3
  • Polish Opening (or Orangutan) – 1.b4
  • Polish Defense – 1.d4 b5 or 1.Nf3 Nf6 2.g3 b5
  • Polish Attack – 1.Nf3 Nf6 2.b4
  • Polish Gambit – 1.e4 b5 2.Bxb5 c6
  • Polish Gambit of the Anderssen Opening – 1.a3 a5 2.b4
  • Polish Spike – 1.b4 Nf6 2.Bb2 g6 3.g4
  • Polish Variation of the Indian Game – 1.d4 Nf6 2.Nf3 b5
  • Portsmouth Gambit of the Sicilian Defense – 1.e4 c5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.b4
  • Portuguese Gambit of the Scandinavian Defense – 1.e4 d5 2.exd5 Nf6 3.d4 Bg4 4.f3 Bf5 5.Bb5+ Nbd7
  • Portuguese Opening – 1.e4 e5 2.Bb5
  • Portuguese Variation of the King's Gambit – 1.e4 e5 2.f4 exf4 3.Nf3 g5 4.Bc4 g4 5.Ne5 Qh4+ 6.Kf1 Nc6
  • Prague Variation of the Tarrasch Defense – 1.d4 d5 2.c4 e6 3.Nc3 c5 4.cxd5 exd5 5.Nf3 Nc6 6.g3 Nf6
  • Prussian Game (or Two Knights Defense against the Italian Game) – 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Nf6
  • Pyrenees Gambit – 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 b5

R

  • Riga Variation of the Ruy Lopez – 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bb5 a6 4.Ba4 Nf6 5.0-0 Nxe4 6.d4 exd4
  • Rio de Janeiro Variation of the Ruy Lopez – 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bb5 Nf6 4.0-0 Nxe4 5.d4 Be7
  • Romanian Opening (or Dunst Opening) – 1.Nc3
  • Romanian Defense of the Wing Gambit – 1.e4 c5 2.b4 cxb4 3.a3 d5 4.exd5 Qxd5 5.Nf3 e5 6.Bb2 Nc6 7.c4 Qe6
  • Rotterdam Variation of the Slav Defense – 1.d4 d5 2.c4 c6 3.Nf3 Nf6 4.e3 Bf5 5.cxd5 cxd5 6.Qb3
  • Russian Defense of the Ruy Lopez – 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bb5 a6 4.Ba4 Nf6 5.0-0 d6
  • Russian Game (or Petrov's Defense) – 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nf6

S

T

U

V

  • Valencia Opening (or Mieses Opening) – 1.d3 e5 2.Nd2
  • Venezolana Variation of the Mieses Opening – 1.d3 c5 2.Nc3 Nc6 3.g3
  • Venice Attack of the Sicilian Defense – 1.e4 c5 2.Nf3 d6 3.d4 cxd4 4.Nxd4 Nf6 5.f3 e5 6.Bb5+ or 1.e4 c5 2.Nf3 d6 3.d4 cxd4 4.Nxd4 Nf6 5.Nc3 e5 6.Bb5+
  • Venice Variation of the Queen's Gambit Declined – 1.d4 d5 2.c4 e6 3.Nc3 Nf6 4.Bg5 c5 5.cxd5 Qb6
  • Vienna Game – 1.e4 e5 2.Nc3
  • Vienna Gambit – 1.e4 e5 2.Nc3 Nc6 3.f4
  • Vienna Variation of the Queen's Gambit Declined – 1.d4 d5 2.c4 e6 3.Nc3 Nf6 4.Nf3 Bb4 5.Bg5 dxc4 6.e4
  • Vietnamese Gambit – 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 b5
  • Vinohrady Variation of the Sicilian Defense – 1.e4 c5 2.Nc3 Nc6 3.g4 named after a district in Prague[6]
  • Volga Gambit – 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 c5 3.d5 b5 (named for the Volga River, the national river of Russia)
  • Voronezh Variation of the Alekhine's Defense – 1.e4 Nf6 2.e5 Nd5 3.d4 d6 4.c4 Nb6 5.exd6 cxd6 6.Nc3 g6 7.Be3 Bg7 8.Rc1 0-0 9.b3

W

  • Warsaw Variation of the Dutch Defense – 1.d4 f5 2.c4 Nf6 3.g3 g6 4.Bg2 Bg7 5.Nf3 0-0 6.0-0 d6 7.Nc3 c6
  • Westphalia Defense in the Queen's Gambit Declined: An alternative name for the Manhattan Variation – 1.d4 d5 2.c4 e6 3.Nc3 Nf6 4.Bg5 Nbd7 5.Nf3 Bb4 or 5.e3 c5
  • Wiesbaden Variation of the Slav Defense – 1.d4 d5 2.c4 c6 3.Nf3 Nf6 4.Nc3 dxc4 5.a4 Bf5 6.Ne5 e6
  • Wilkes-Barre Variation of the Italian Game, Two Knights Defense – 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Nf6 4.Ng5 Bc5!?

Y

Z

A number of less well-accepted ethnic chess opening names (including such gems as the "Anglo-Polish Dutch" – 1.c4 f5 2.b4) can be found in this list of chess opening names.

See also

References

  1. Hooper, David; Whyld, Kenneth (1996) [First pub. 1992], The Oxford Companion to Chess (2nd ed.), Oxford University Press, pp. 461–480, ISBN 0-19-280049-3
  2. Abbazia DefenseArchived 2014-10-18 at the Wayback Machine from chess.com. The name 'Abbazia' comes from the Abbazia 1912 tournament in which the variation was played six times. Abbazia is now the city of Opatija in Croatia.
  3. Hannes Langrock, The Modern Morra Gambit: A Dynamic Weapon Against the Sicilian, Russell Enterprises, 2006, pp. 219–20. ISBN 1-888690-32-1.
  4. Siegbert Tarrasch, The Game of Chess, David McKay, 1938, p. 341.
  5. Hannes Langrock, The Modern Morra Gambit: A Dynamic Weapon Against the Sicilian, Russell Enterprises, 2006, p. 201. ISBN 1-888690-32-1.
  6. Kavalek, Lubomir (2006-08-07). "Lubomir Kavalek: The Vinohrady Variation". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2009-10-29.