List of countries by suicide rate

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A map of global suicide rates, age-standardized per 100,000 population, 2021

  •   >30
  •   20–30
  •   15–20
  •   10–15
  • {{legend|#fccfbbff|5–300)
  •   0–5
  •   Data unavailable

The following are lists of countries by estimated suicide rates as published by the World Health Organization (WHO) and other sources.[note 1]

In many countries, suicide rates are underreported due to social stigma, cultural or legal concerns.[3] Thus, these figures may not reflect actual suicide rates, which are unknown in many countries.

The global total of suicide deaths decreased from an estimated 762,000 in 2000 to 717,000 in 2021, which is 9.1 deaths per 100,000 population.[4] In high-income countries, male and female rates of suicidal behaviors differ compared to the rest of the world: while women are reportedly more prone to suicidal thoughts, rates of suicide are higher among men, which has been described as a "silent epidemic".[5][6][7][8][9]

In 2021, the global rate of suicide deaths for men was 12.3 per 100,000, more than double the rate for women, which stood at 5.9 per 100,000 population. However, the sex disparity was uneven across regions, with a male-to-female ratio ranging from as low as 1.4 in the Southeast Asia Region to nearly 4.0 in the Region of the Americas.[10]

In much of the world, suicide is stigmatized and condemned for religious or cultural reasons. In some countries, suicidal behavior is a criminal offense punishable by law. Suicide is therefore often a secretive act surrounded by taboo, and may be unrecognized, misclassified, or deliberately hidden in official records of death.[5]

— World Health Organization (2002)

As such, suicide rates may be higher than measured, with men more at risk of dying by suicide than women across nearly all cultures and backgrounds.[11] Suicide prevention and intervention is an important topic for all peoples, according to the WHO.[12]

Countries and territories by suicide rate

Background

Suicide rates vary by country but occurs in all regions of the world. In a 2024 WHO report, 73% of reported suicides were in low and middle-income countries. Mental illness and suicide are linked, though many suicides are impulsive and occur due to crisis. Groups subject to discrimination, including refugees, indigenous populations, and LGBTQ people, experience high suicide rates. Societal and cultural taboos around the discussion of topics of suicide and lack of quality suicide data are impeding factors in suicide prevention. Suicide prevention includes such measures as restricting access to methods, responsible media reporting, and treatment and assessment of suicidal people.[13]

Estimated suicide mortality rates by gender and country, age-standardized, per 100K population, World Health Organization[14] Reflects most recent data, 2023
Country or territory Region All Male Female Ratio

M/F

 World 10.3 15 6 2.5
 Guyana Americas 54.8 101.7 16 6.4
 Lesotho Africa 35 66.5 11 6.0
 Suriname Americas 35 62.2 12.3 5.1
 Somalia Africa 27.8 44.6 13.3 3.4
 Gabon Africa 26.3 50.1 4.7 10.7
 Eritrea Africa 25.8 45 10.4 4.3
 Central African Republic Africa 24 48.7 6.2 7.9
 South Korea Asia 23.4 34.8 13.6 2.6
 Eswatini Africa 23 40.9 8.2 5.0
 Uruguay Americas 22.2 35.6 10.7 3.3
 Malawi Africa 21.5 40.1 7.9 5.1
 Comoros Africa 20.8 31 11.6 2.7
 Zambia Africa 20.7 38.2 7.7 5.0
 Lithuania Europe 20.1 34.9 7.2 4.8
 Russia Europe 19.8 36.2 6.8 5.3
 Burkina Faso Africa 19.7 38.3 6.6 5.8
 Djibouti Africa 19.5 30.4 10.4 2.9
 Cape Verde Africa 19.3 37.3 4.4 8.5
 Kenya Africa 19.1 36.1 6.3 5.7
 Ukraine Europe 18.9 35.2 5.8 6.1
 Belarus Europe 18.7 34.5 5.8 5.9
 Guinea-Bissau Africa 18.6 31.9 8.1 3.9
 Chad Africa 18.4 31.1 7.7 4.0
 Kazakhstan Asia 18.2 33.7 6.3 5.3
 Kiribati Oceania 18 33.3 4.7 7.1
 Nepal Asia 18 26.7 11.2 2.4
 DR Congo Africa 18 32.9 5.4 6.1
 Angola Africa 17.6 31.5 6.7 4.7
 Burundi Africa 17.6 29.6 8 3.7
 Cameroon Africa 17.5 31 6 5.2
 Congo Africa 17.3 30.4 5.8 5.2
 Uganda Africa 17.2 34.2 5.5 6.2
 Ghana Africa 17.2 31.3 5.8 5.4
 Madagascar Africa 17 27.4 7.8 3.5
 Montenegro Europe 16.8 29.1 7 4.2
 Equatorial Guinea Africa 16.8 27.7 6.2 4.5
 Mozambique Africa 16.7 31.9 6.3 5.1
 Ivory Coast Africa 16.5 28.7 4.6 6.2
 Vanuatu Oceania 16.4 25.5 7.5 3.4
 South Africa Africa 16.2 28.1 6 4.7
 Namibia Africa 16.2 29.2 5.9 4.9
 South Sudan Africa 16.2 26.8 8.1 3.3
 Benin Africa 16.2 27.2 7.2 3.8
 Mongolia Asia 16 29.4 3.8 7.7
 Senegal Africa 15.8 27.2 4.8 5.7
 Botswana Africa 15.7 26.9 6.1 4.4
 Hungary Europe 15.6 27.3 6.2 4.4
 India Asia 15.3 19.1 11.6 1.6
 Belgium Europe 15.1 21.3 9.4 2.3
 Zimbabwe Africa 15.1 28.1 6.4 4.4
 Slovenia Europe 15 26 5.4 4.8
 Togo Africa 15 27.1 6 4.5
 Sierra Leone Africa 14.9 23.9 7.5 3.2
 Tanzania Africa 14.9 26.2 7 3.7
 Federated States of Micronesia Oceania 14.6 25.7 4.3 6.0
 Cuba Americas 14.6 25.6 4.9 5.2
 Rwanda Africa 14.5 23 8.4 2.7
 Japan Asia 13.2 18.8 7.9 2.4
 Ethiopia Africa 14.4 24.2 6.4 3.8
 Solomon Islands Oceania 14.2 22 6.1 3.6
 Estonia Europe 14 22.6 7.4 3.1
 Sri Lanka Asia 14 25.5 4.9 5.2
 France Europe 13.9 21.1 7.6 2.8
 Latvia Europe 13.7 26.7 3.9 6.8
 Gambia Africa 13.6 22.6 5.7 4.0
 Moldova Europe 13.5 25.3 4.9 5.2
 Poland Europe 13.4 23.8 3.7 6.4
 United States Americas 13.3 21.1 5.8 3.6
 Finland Europe 13.1 19 7.3 2.6
 Guinea Africa 13.1 21.2 6.8 3.1
 New Zealand Oceania 13 19.1 7 2.7
 Liberia Africa 12.9 16.5 9.4 1.8
 Austria Europe 12.7 20.9 5.5 3.8
 Sweden Europe 12.7 17.9 7.7 2.3
 Trinidad and Tobago Americas 12.7 22.9 4 5.7
 Australia Oceania 12.6 19.1 6.2 3.1
 Niger Africa 12.6 19.2 6.9 2.8
 Czech Republic Europe 12.2 20.6 4.6 4.5
 Samoa Oceania 12.1 18.1 6.6 2.7
 Croatia Europe 11.9 20.1 5.3 3.8
 Norway Europe 11.6 16.5 6.9 2.4
 Switzerland Europe 11.6 16 7.5 2.1
 Argentina Americas 11.2 18.3 4.7 3.9
 Turkmenistan Asia 11.1 18.1 5.6 3.2
 North Korea Asia 10.6 14.4 7.2 2.0
 Paraguay Americas 10.6 16.2 5.3 3.1
 Mauritius Africa 10.5 17.6 3.3 5.3
 Mali Africa 10.5 15.2 6.2 2.5
 Iceland Europe 10.4 12.9 7.5 1.7
 Bosnia and Herzegovina Europe 10.2 18 3.8 4.7
 Serbia Europe 10.1 15.4 5.7 2.7
 Germany Europe 10 15.2 5.3 2.9
 Vietnam Asia 10 14.7 6 2.5
 Thailand Asia 9.6 16.3 3.4 4.8
 Netherlands Europe 9.6 13 6.3 2.1
 United Kingdom Europe 9.6 14.4 4.9 2.9
 El Salvador Americas 9.6 17.3 3.8 4.6
 Mauritania Africa 9.6 15.6 4.7 3.3
 Belize Americas 9.5 17 2.3 7.4
 Dominican Republic Americas 9.3 17.1 2.4 7.1
 Luxembourg Europe 9.2 13.5 5.2 2.6
 Chile Americas 9.1 14.8 3.6 4.1
 Pakistan Asia 9.1 15.2 3.3 4.6
 Brazil Americas 8.8 14 4.1 3.4
 Mexico Americas 8.7 14.9 3 5.0
 Portugal Europe 8.6 14.2 3.9 3.6
 Denmark Europe 8.6 12.4 5 2.5
 Fiji Oceania 8.6 12.5 5.1 2.5
 Kyrgyzstan Asia 8.5 13.6 4 3.4
 Slovakia Europe 8.4 15.3 2.8 5.5
 Canada Americas 8.4 12.7 4.3 3.0
 Seychelles Africa 8.4 15.1 1.1 13.7
 Romania Europe 8.2 14.6 2.5 5.8
 China Asia 8 10.1 6 1.7
 Venezuela Americas 8 14.2 2.3 6.2
 Uzbekistan Asia 7.8 9.9 6.1 1.6
 Bhutan Asia 7.7 10.3 4.9 2.1
 Bulgaria Europe 7.6 12.8 3.3 3.9
 Saint Lucia Americas 7.6 15.2 1.1 13.8
 Singapore Asia 7.3 10 4.7 2.1
 Ireland Europe 7.2 11 3.6 3.1
 Spain Europe 7.1 10.9 3.7 2.9
 Nicaragua Americas 7.1 12.1 2.7 4.5
 Costa Rica Americas 6.9 11.5 2.6 4.4
 Israel Asia 6.9 10.7 3.2 3.3
 Colombia Americas 6.8 11.1 3 3.7
 Nigeria Africa 6.5 10 3.3 3.0
 Puerto Rico Americas 6.5 11.1 2.5 4.4
 Malta Europe 6.1 9.9 2.1 4.7
 Iran Asia 6 9 3.2 2.8
 Bolivia Americas 5.8 8.8 3 2.9
 Honduras Americas 5.8 10.2 1.8 5.7
 Italy Europe 5.7 8.9 2.7 3.3
 Georgia Europe 5.6 10.4 1.8 5.8
 Ecuador Americas 5.5 8 3.3 2.4
 Guatemala Americas 5.5 8.9 2.6 3.4
 Yemen Asia 5.5 7.5 3.7 2.0
 Grenada Americas 5.5 7.5 3.5 2.1
 Tajikistan Asia 5.4 8.2 3.2 2.6
 Albania Europe 5.3 7.3 3.6 2.0
 North Macedonia Europe 5.2 8.8 2.4 3.7
 Cambodia Asia 5.2 7.7 3.1 2.5
 Iraq Asia 5.1 8.3 2.4 3.5
 Haiti Americas 5 8.5 2.2 3.9
 Malaysia Asia 5 8 2 4.0
 Afghanistan Asia 5 6.5 3.8 1.7
 Timor-Leste Asia 5 7.6 2.4 3.2
 Panama Americas 4.6 8.3 1.4 5.9
 Barbados Americas 4.5 8.8 1.1 8.0
 Bangladesh Asia 4.5 7.2 2.1 3.4
 Libya Africa 4.4 6.7 2.1 3.2
 Laos Asia 4.4 7.3 1.8 4.1
 Tonga Oceania 4.1 5.6 2.8 2.0
 Myanmar Asia 4.1 7.1 1.3 5.5
 Greece Europe 3.9 6.9 1.3 5.3
 Cyprus Europe 3.8 6.2 1.6 3.9
 Sudan Africa 3.7 5.5 2 2.8
 Turkey Europe 3.7 5.4 2.2 2.5
 Armenia Asia 3.7 8.1 0.7 11.6
 Morocco Africa 3.4 5.2 1.7 3.1
 Maldives Asia 3.3 5.1 0.9 5.7
 Algeria Africa 3.2 4.4 2 2.2
 Philippines Asia 3.1 5.4 1.1 4.9
 Qatar Asia 3 4.1 1.2 3.4
 Brunei Asia 3 4.6 1.5 3.1
 Azerbaijan Asia 3 5 1.5 3.3
 Papua New Guinea Oceania 2.9 3.7 2.1 1.8
 Tunisia Africa 2.9 4.3 1.7 2.5
 Peru Americas 2.9 4.2 1.6 2.6
 Kuwait Asia 2.8 3.5 1.6 2.2
 United Arab Emirates Asia 2.8 3.8 1.4 2.7
 Bahrain Asia 2.5 2.5 2.8 0.9
 Bahamas Americas 2.4 4.5 0.6 7.5
 São Tomé and Príncipe Africa 2.3 3.6 1.1 3.3
 Indonesia Asia 2.2 3.1 1.4 2.2
 Saudi Arabia Asia 2.2 2.9 1 2.9
 Jamaica Americas 2 3.8 0.5 7.6
 Palestinian Authority Asia 1.5 2.3 0.9 2.6
 Antigua and Barbuda Americas 1.4 1.6 0.9 1.8
 Syria Asia 1.4 2.3 0.5 4.6
 Lebanon Asia 1.2 1.7 0.8 2.1
 Oman Asia 1.1 1.7 0.3 5.7
 Jordan Asia 1.1 1.6 0.5 3.2
 Egypt Africa 0.8 1.3 0.4 3.3
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Americas 0.2 0.3 0 –

Analysis

Deaths per million persons from self-inflicted injuries in 2012. Countries by income group.
Age-standardized male (top) and female (bottom) suicide mortality rates per 100,000 (2015, WHO)
Suicide rates by income group in 2012 (per 100,000 people)[15]
Income group (% of global pop)Suicides, 2012
(in thousands)		Global %Rate
(2012)		Male:Female
(2012)
High-income countries (18.3%)19724.5%12.73.5 : 1
Upper-middle-income countries (34.3%)19223.8%7.51.3 : 1
Lower-middle-income countries (35.4%)33341.4%14.11.7 : 1
Low-income countries (12.0%)8210.2%13.41.7 : 1
Global (100.0%)804100.0%11.41.9 : 1

Male and female suicide rates are out of the total male population and total female population, respectively, i.e. total number of male suicides divided by the total male population. Age-standardized rates account for the influence that different population age distributions might have on the analysis of crude death rates, statistically addressing the prevailing trends by age-groups and populations' structures, to enhance long term cross-national comparability.

Based on age-groups' deviation from standardized population structures, rates are rounded up or down (age-adjustment). Basically, the presence of younger individuals in any given age structure carries more weight. If the rate is rounded up, that means the median age is lower than average for that region or country, and vice versa when rounded down.

Most countries listed above report a higher male suicide rate. Worldwide, there are about 3 male suicides out of 4, or a factor of 3:1. For example, the ratio in the United States was 3.36 in 2015, and 3.53 in 2016.[16][a]

Though age-standardization is common statistical process to categorize mortality data for comparing purposes, this approach by WHO is based on estimates which take into account issues such as under-reporting, resulting in rates differing from the official national statistics prepared and endorsed by individual countries. Revisions are also performed periodically. Age-adjusted rates are mortality rates that would have existed if all populations under study had the same age distribution as a "standard" population. Plain, crude estimated rates are available at here and here. Countries with a population less than 100 000 are excluded.

Countries with large internal discrepancies are complicated to assess. Canada, a country with a comparatively low suicide rate overall at 10.3 incidents per 100,000 people in 2016, exhibits one such discrepancy. When comparing the suicide rate of Indigenous peoples in Canada, the rate of suicide increases to 24.3 incidents per 100,000 people in 2016,[18] a rate among the ten highest in the world. There are numerous differences in living standards and income that contribute to this phenomenon, classed as an epidemic in Canada.[19]

List by other sources and years (1985–2023)

Global suicide rates per 100,000 people, 1978–2009.[20]

In the list below various sources from various years are included, mixing plain crude rates with age-adjusted rates and estimated rates, so cross-national comparability is somewhat skewed.

* indicates "Suicide in COUNTRY or TERRITORY" or "Mental Health in COUNTRY or TERRITORY" links.

  1. The male-female ratio shown below is based on the age-standardized rates: as compared to WHO world standard population, women's median age and life expectancy might be greater than that of men's for that country when rounded up, and vice versa when rounded down.[17]
  2. Nevertheless, jumping from a high building as well as drowning were common methods of suicide in Taiwan,[note 2][31][32] indicating the potential risks of type I and type II errors and misuse of statistics within the government's report. Hence, if halves of the death rates of the drowning and fall that were shown in government's report were extracted and added into the self-inflicted deaths (intentional injury death of self), it yields 0.0201% which is thought better reflecting the real case.
  3. Furthermore, jumping from a high building as well as drowning were common methods of suicide in Taiwan.[note 5][31][32]

See also

Explanatory notes

  1. The first global estimates on suicide mortality began in the early 1980s, as a single World Bank-commissioned study on general mortality data compiled by the WHO as the first work of its kind on the global burden of disease (GBD).[1] In the following years, the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation acted as the coordinating center for the study then resulted in the collaboration between several researchers and institutions from many countries.[2]
  2. In government's annual release, there were 3637 people per one hundred thousands of people in 2018 died of contacting poison, accidental fall, exposure to fire or smoke, accidental drowning including sinking beneath water to death in addition to the suicidal death that was equal to 3865 people per 100,000 people.
  3. Recently released figures by official Belgian authorities suggest a considerably higher rate of 17.0 persons (total) per 100,000 people per annum in 2009 (5,712 cases in a population of 10,749,000 (=10,666,866 as of 1 January 2008 increasing by 0,77% per annum.) as of 1 January 2009)."Toenemend aantal zelfdodingen in Belgie" (in Dutch). 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
  4. The number of death in Belgium in 2008 due to suicide "zichzelf schade toebrengen" was reported at 2000 out of a total of 103.760 death. These death comprise 1453 men and 547 women. This puts the suicide rate at about 19 per 100.000. See statbel: http://statbel.fgov.be/nl/binaries/NL%20-%20Tableau%201%2E3_T_2008_tcm325-168456.pdf Archived 28 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine
  5. In government's annual release, there were 3637 people per one hundred thousands people in 2018 died of contacting poison, accidental fall, exposure to fire or smoke, accidental drowning, or sinking beneath water that were excluded from the statistical suicidal death figure equal to 3865 people per 100,000 people.
  • The updated figure of suicide rates in Belgium for 2011 is 2,084 with a total population of 10,933,607, equivalent to 18.96 per 100,000 inhabitants (source: Het Nieuwsblad, 10 April 2014).
  • Taiwan is not a member of the WHO. The Taiwanese government adopted the WHO standard in 2007. According to the Taiwanese government's self-released data, the figure is standardized based upon the population within Taiwan.[84][85]

References

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  19. Canada, Government of Canada; Indigenous Services (11 December 2019). "Suicide prevention in Indigenous communities". www.sac-isc.gc.ca. Retrieved 7 December 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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